Peaky Blinders

The Peaky Blinders were an urban street gang based in Birmingham, England, that operated from the end of the 19th century to after the First World War. The group, which grew out of the harsh economic deprivations of working class Britain, was composed largely of young men of lower to middle-classes. They derived social power from robbery, violence, racketeering, illegal bookmaking and the control of gambling. Members of this gang wore a signature outfit that included tailored jackets, lapel overcoats, button waistcoats, silk scarves, bell-bottom trousers, leather boots, and peaked flat caps. The gang was highly organized with its own systems of hierarchy.

This article is about the real-world criminal gang. For the television series, see Peaky Blinders (TV series).

Peaky Blinders
Harry Fowles, a member of the gang sporting the signature overcoat and peaked flat cap.
FoundedEarly 1890s
Founding locationBirmingham, England
Years activeEarly 1900s to 1920s
TerritoryPrimarily the West Midlands of England
EthnicityPrimarily English people and Gypsies
Membership (est.)c. < 50000; membership fluctuated widely with alliances and joined forces
Criminal activitiesBookmaking, assault, extortion, fraud, murder, fencing, hooliganism, bribery, smuggling, hijacking and robbery
RivalsSabinis; Birmingham Boys; the Sloggers

The Blinders’ dominance came about from beating rivals, such as the "Sloggers", whom they fought for territory in Birmingham and its surrounding districts. They held control for nearly 20 years until 1910, when a larger gang, the Birmingham Boys led by Billy Kimber, overtook them. However, even though they had disappeared by the 1920s, the name of the "Peaky Blinders" became synonymous slang for any street gang in Birmingham.

In 2013, the name was reused for a BBC television series entitled Peaky Blinders. The series, which stars Cillian Murphy, Paul Anderson, and Joe Cole, is a crime story about a fictional crime family operating in Birmingham just after World War I.

Etymology

The name is said to be derived from the gang members' practice of stitching disposable razor blades into the peaks of their flat caps which could then be used as weapons. However, as the Gillette company only introduced the first replaceable safety razor system in 1903, in America, and it was not until 1908 that the first factory manufacturing them in Great Britain opened, this version of the name is considered apocryphal.[1] British author John Douglas, from Birmingham, claimed hats were used as a weapon in his novel A Walk Down Summer Lane[2] – members with razor blades sewn into their caps would headbutt enemies to potentially blind them.[3] However, according to English professor Carl Chinn, Chair of Community History at the University of Birmingham, this theory is a myth and there is no evidence to support it.[4]

Birmingham historian Carl Chinn believes the name is actually a reference to the gang's sartorial elegance. He says the popular usage of "peaky" at the time referred to any flat cap with a peak.[1] "Blinder" was a familiar Birmingham slang term (still used today) to describe something or someone of dapper appearance.[5] A further explanation might be from the gang's own criminal behaviour: they were known to sneak up from behind, then pull the hat peak down over a victim's face so they could not describe who robbed them.[6][7]

History
Thomas Gilbert, a powerful member of the gang.

Economic hardship in England led to a violent youth subculture.[3] Poor youths frequently robbed and pickpocketed men walking on the streets of slum Birmingham. These efforts were executed through assaults, beatings, stabbings, and manual strangulation.[8] The origins of this subculture can be traced back to the 1850s, in a time where Birmingham's streets were filled with gambling dens and kids playing rough sports. When the police started to crack down on these activities due to pressure from the higher classes, the youth fought back, banding together in what would become known as “slogging gangs”. These gangs frequently fought the police, and assaulted members of the public walking in the streets.[9] During the 1890s, youth street gangs consisted of men between the ages of 12 and 30.[10] The late 1890s saw the organisation of these men into a soft hierarchy.[11]

The most violent of these youth street gangs organised themselves as a singular group known as the "Peaky Blinders". They were likely founded in Small Heath, possibly by a man named Thomas Mucklow, as suggested by a newspaper article entitled, "A murderous outrage at Small Heath, a man's skull fractured" (printed in the Monday, March 24, 1890 edition of The Birmingham Mail).[12] This article is possibly the earliest evidence of the Peaky Blinders in print:

A serious assault was committed upon a young man named George Eastwood. Living at 3 court, 2 house, Arthur Street, Small Heath, on Saturday night. It seems that Eastwood, who has been for some time a total abstainer, called between ten and eleven o'clock at the Rainbow Public House in Adderly Street, and was supplied with a bottle of gingerbeer. Shortly afterwards several men known as the "Peaky Blinders" gang, whom Eastwood knew by sight from their living in the same neighborhood as himself, came in.

After some gangsters attacked a man in 1890, they sent a letter to various national newspapers declaring themselves as members of this specific group.[8] Their first activities primarily revolved around occupying favourable land, notably the communities of Small Heath and Cheapside, Birmingham.[3] Their expansion was noted by their first gang rival, the "Cheapside Sloggers", who battled against them in an effort to control land.[13] The Sloggers originated in the 1870s and were known for street fights in the Bordesley and Small Heath areas – extremely poor slums of Birmingham.

The Peaky Blinders, after they established controlled territory, in the late 19th century began expanding their criminal enterprise. Their activities included protection rackets, fraud, land grabs, smuggling, hijacking, robbery, and illegal bookmaking.[3][14] Historian Heather Shor of the University of Leeds claims that the Blinders were more focused on street fighting, robbery, and racketeering, as opposed to more organised crime.[2]

The group was known for its violence not only on innocent civilians but also on rival gangs and constables. Gang wars between rival gangs frequently erupted in Birmingham which led to brawls and shootouts.[15] The Peaky Blinders also deliberately attacked police officers, in what became known as "constable baiting".[16] Constable George Snipe was killed by the gang in 1897,[17] and Charles Philip Gunter in 1901.[18][19] Hundreds more were injured and some left the force because of the violence.[16]

Soon, the term "Peaky Blinder" became a generic term for young street criminals in Birmingham.[3][20] In 1899, an Irish police chief named Charles Haughton Rafter was contracted to enforce local law in Birmingham. However, police corruption and bribery diminished the effectiveness of his enforcement for a time.[8]

Notorious members

Contrary to popular belief, most Peaky Blinders were from the middle class and had jobs.[21] The most powerful member of the Peaky Blinders was a man known as Kevin Mooney. His real name was Thomas Gilbert, but he routinely changed his last name. He initiated many of the land grabs undertaken by the gang.

Other prominent members of the gang were David Taylor, Earnest Haynes, Harry Fowles, and Stephen McNickle.[22][13] Harry Fowles, known as "Baby-faced Harry", was arrested at age 19 for stealing a bike in October 1904.[13] McNickle and Haynes were also arrested at the same time, for stealing a bicycle and home invasion, respectively. Each was held for one month for their crimes. West Midlands police records described the three arrested as "foul mouthed young men who stalk the streets in drunken groups, insulting and mugging passers-by."[13] Taylor was arrested at age 13 for carrying a loaded firearm.[13]

Many gang members were veterans of the First World War. Henry Lightfoot, the first person to be named as a Peaky Blinder, had joined the British Army three times in his life and participated in the Battle of the Somme in 1916.[23] One of the youngest members, Henry Fowler, was buried alive in the trenches and could not speak or see for some time following the war.[24]

The notorious gangster Billy Kimber was also a former Peaky Blinder.[16]

Weapons and fashion

The Peaky Blinders used an assortment of melee weapons from belt buckles, metal-tipped boots, fire irons, canes and knives.[25] In the case of George Eastwood, he was beaten by belt buckles. Percy Langridge used a knife to stab Police Constable Barker in June 1900.[26] Firearms such as Webley revolvers were also used, such as in the shooting and killing of a Summer Hill gang member by Peaky Blinder William Lacey in September 1905.[27]

Gang members frequently wore tailored clothing which was uncommon for contemporary gangs of the time. Almost all members wore a peaked flat cap and an overcoat. Their sporting of the flat cap lends itself to debate regarding the naming of the gang. The Peaky Blinders wore tailored suits usually with bell-bottom trousers and button jackets.[3] The weather conditions of the slums prompted members to incorporate steel-toed leather boots into their outfits. Wealthier members wore silk scarves and starched collars with metal tie buttons. Their distinctive dress was easily recognisable by city inhabitants, police, and rival gang members. The wives, girlfriends, and mistresses of the gang members were known for wearing lavish clothing. Pearls, silks, and colourful scarves were commonplace.[3][22]

Decline

After nearly a decade of political control, their growing influence brought on the attention of a larger gang, the Birmingham Boys. The Peaky Blinders' expansion into racecourses led to violent backlash from the Birmingham Boys gang. Peaky Blinder families physically distanced themselves from Birmingham's centre into the countryside. With the Blinders' withdrawal from the criminal underworld, the Sabini gang moved in on the Birmingham Boys gang and solidified political control over Central England in the 1930s.[28][29][30]

Other elements such as education, discipline and harsher policing and sentencing also contributed to the decrease of the Blinders' influence, and by the 1920s they had disappeared.[31] As the specific gang known as the Peaky Blinders diminished, their name came to be used as generic term to describe violent street youth.[3] The gangs' activities lasted from the 1890s until the 1930s.[2][8]

The BBC television drama series Peaky Blinders, starring Cillian Murphy, Sam Neill, and Helen McCrory, premiered in September 2013. It presents a fictional story in which the Peaky Blinders contend in the underworld with the Birmingham Boys and the Sabini gang, and follows a single fictional gang based in post-World War I Birmingham's Small Heath area. The gang had houses located in and around Birmingham, ranging from Longbridge to Sutton Coldfield.[32] Many of the show's exteriors have been filmed on location at the Black Country Living Museum.[33]

The song "Cheapside Sloggers" (2019) by the Danish hard rock band Volbeat is written about the rivalry between the two gangs.

gollark: Ah yes, so now you need to have insanely huge amounts of energy, very helpful.
gollark: You do need to have available matter to convert on the other end, and the whole concept is very hard to implement.
gollark: If you disæssemble something into its constituent particles or something, record every detail of their state (which might be impossible too?) and transmit it to another thing which reassembles it, that's lightspeed teleportation, ish.
gollark: I don't think they're canonically confirmed as doing that, and also it makes no sense.
gollark: It's still limited to lightspeed.

See also

References
  1. Chamberlain, Zoe (15 October 2014). "The TRUTH Behind the Peaky Blinders". Birmingham Mail.
  2. "Peaky Blinders: Was there a real-life Tommy Shelby?". The Week UK. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
  3. Halls, Eleanor. "The Peaky Blinders are a romanticised myth". GQ. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
  4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DDzfeTTigKo&list=PL9k7yPvgy3iEOQuUwReZiVhOC3mc91zAo&index=3&t=162s
  5. Ugolini, Laura (2007). Men and Menswear: Sartorial Consumption in Britain 1880–1939. Ashgate. p. 42.
  6. Bradley, Michael (12 September 2013). "Birmingham's real Peaky Blinders". BBC News. West Midlands.
  7. Egner, Jeremy (21 December 2017). "'Peaky Blinders': The Disparate Ingredients of a Cult Hit". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
  8. "Carl Chinn – The real 'Peaky Blinders' | History West Midlands". West Midlands History.com. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
  9. Chinn, p. 21
  10. Moonman, Eric (1987). The Violent Society. F. Cass. p. 36.
  11. Thompson, Paul (1992). Edwardians: The Remaking of British Society. Routledge. p. 50.
  12. "Register | British Newspaper Archive". British Newspaper Archive. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  13. McCarthy, Nick (11 September 2013). "Meet the real Peaky Blinders..." Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
  14. Bradley, Michael (12 September 2013). "Birmingham's real Peaky Blinders". BBC News. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
  15. Chinn, Carl (2019). Peaky Blinders: The Real Story. John Blake Publication. p. 192. ISBN 978-1789461725.
  16. Louise Rhind Tutt. "Real Peaky Blinder: Truth Behind the Legend". I Love Manchester. September 7, 2019
  17. Chinn, p.164
  18. Chinn, p.185
  19. Gooderson, Philip (2010). The Gangs of Birmingham: From the Sloggers to the Peaky Blinders. Wrea Green: Milo. ISBN 9781903854884.
  20. Chinn, p. 99
  21. Chinn, p. 20
  22. Larner, Tony (1 August 2010). "When Peaky Blinders Ruled Streets with Fear". Sunday Mercury. p. 14.
  23. Chinn, pp. 155–59
  24. Laurs Raphael (30 November 2017). "11 Things You Didn't Know About Peaky Blinders". Esquire.
  25. Cormier, Roger. "12 Eye Opening Facts About the Peaky Blinder". Mental Floss. May 30, 2016
  26. Chinn p. 179
  27. Chinn, p. 192
  28. "UK Chaps". Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
  29. Barley, Nick (2001). "The Times - London A-Z Series No.1 (A Sample....) "G for Gangland London"". The Times. Archived from the original on 30 December 2006. Retrieved 6 December 2006.
  30. Shore, Heather (2001). "Undiscovered Country': Towards A History Of The Criminal 'Underworld'". School of Cultural Studies: Leeds Metropolitan University. Archived from the original (.doc) on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 6 December 2006.
  31. Chinn, p. 108, 116, 194
  32. "Game of Thrones star joins Peaky Blinders cast". independent.co.uk. 29 March 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
  33. "Peaky Blinders". bclm.co.uk. Black Country Living Museum. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
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