Paygan

The Paygan (also known as Paighan) were the conscript light infantry unit within the Sasanian army and formed the bulk of its infantry force. The Paygan were sometimes referred to as being used as "cannon fodder".

Paygan
Active224-644
Allegiance Sasanian Empire
TypeInfantry
EngagementsBattle of al-Qādisiyyah and other wars
Military of the
Sasanian Empire
Armed forces and units
Ranks
Defense lines
Conflicts

During peacetime, the corps could have had police force roles.[1]

Recruitment

The Paygan were a conscription force, recruited from the peasant population of the Sasanian Empire.[2] According to the Chronicon Anonymum, the vast majority (120,000) of Sasanian Emperor Khosrow I Anushirvan's army of 183,000 was made up of Paygan.[3] Despite being referred to as cannon fodders, the Paygan were frequently used in sieges and served as pages for the Savaran cavalry. They were also tasked to guard baggage trains, encroachment missions, and the excavation of mines.[3] These troops would generally have had the lowest morale of all troops in the Sasanian army and would cluster together for mutual protection.

According to Arab historians, during the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah the Persian commander Rostam Farrokhzād refused to provide the Paygan troops with food and water the night before the battle. Instead, in the Arab camp, all soldiers there were being provided with supplies, including the peasants. This may be the reason why many of the Paygan soldiers in the army defected to the Arab side before and after the battle.[4] In the Battle of Dara, for instance, the Paygan dropped their shields and abandoned the fields when the Savaran heavy cavalry was defeated.[5]

Weapons

The Paygan were lightly armed with short light wood or wickerwork shields, boiled leather cap and short spears. Some of the Paygan would have, however, had to equip themselves with their own weapons. These tended to be agricultural equipment such as pitchforks, axes and sickles. The Paygan would have lacked decent armor, making them very vulnerable in hand-to-hand combat.[6] They would have stood little chance against Roman troops. This is the reason why Sasanians developed their own heavy infantry to counter that of Rome's.[7]

Belisarius' remarks on Sassanian infantry forces[5]:

Right for you to despise them. For their whole infantry is nothing more than a crowd of pitiable peasants who come into battle for no other purpose than to dig through walls ... and in general to serve the soldiers. For this reason they have no weapons at all with which they might trouble their opponents, and they only hold before themselves those enormous shields and huge elephants.

Ammianus Marcellinus, Rerum Gestarum, 19.7.3 remarks on Sasanian troops:

"And day was now dawning, when mail-clad soldiers underspread the entire heaven, and the dense forces moved forward, not as before in disorder, but led by the [p. 505] slow notes of the trumpets and with no one running forward, protected too by pent-houses and holding before them wicker hurdles."

The professional Sasanian infantry and the peasant levies are often confused as a single force in Roman sources. Paygan's registration on the state's rolls suggest that they were a paid, professional force.[8]

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See also

References
  1. Farrokh, Kaveh; Karamian, Gholamreza; Maksymiuk, Katarzyna (2018). A Synopsis of Sasanian Military Organization and Combat Units. Publishing House of Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities. p. 42. ISBN 978-83-62447-22-0.
  2. Nicolle, David (2012). The Great Islamic Conquests AD 632–750. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 38. ISBN 9781846038907.
  3. Farrokh, Kaveh; Angus McBride (2005). Sassanian elite cavalry AD 224-642. Osprey Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-84176-713-0.
  4. Towfighi, Parviz S.; Shah Mahmoud Hanifi (2009). From Persian Empire to Islamic Iran: A History of Nationalism in the Middle East. Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 978-0-7734-4779-0.
  5. Davis, Paul (2013). Masters of the Battlefield: Great Commanders From the Classical Age to the Napoleonic Era. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 148. ISBN 9780195342352.
  6. Wilcox, Peter (1986). Rome's Enemies: Parthians and Sassanid Persians (Men-at-Arms). 3. Osprey Publishing.
  7. Penrose, Jane (2008). Rome and Her Enemies: An Empire Created and Destroyed by War. Osprey Publishing. p. 258. ISBN 978-1-84603-336-0.
  8. Farrokh, Kaveh; Maksymiuk, Katarzyna; Garcia, Javier Sanchez (2018). The Siege of Amida (359 CE). Archeobooks. p. 37. ISBN 978-83-7051-887-5.


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