Pasteuria

Pasteuria is a genus of mycelial and endospore-forming, nonmotile gram-positive bacteria that are obligate parasites of some nematodes and crustaceans.[1] The genus of Pasteuria was previously classified within the family Alicyclobacillaceae,[2] but has since been moved to the family Pasteuriaceae.[3]

Pasteuria
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Bacteria
Division:
Firmicutes
Class:
Bacilli
Order:
Bacillales
Family:
Pasteuriaceae
Genus:
Pasteuria
Species
  • Candidatus Pasteuria aldrichii
  • Candidatus Pasteuria goettingianae
  • Candidatus Pasteuria hartismeri
  • Pasteuria nishizawae
  • Pasteuria penetrans
  • Pasteuria ramosa
  • Pasteuria thornei
  • Candidatus Pasteuria usgae

Steps of infection

Animals that are susceptible to Pasteuria become infected when they are exposed to spores in soil or water. Therefore, Pasteuria are transmitted horizontally between hosts and when an infected host dies, it releases spores to the soil or sediment. The likelihood of infections is related to the spore density in the environment and can be affected by temperature.[4] After contact with the host, Pasteuria spores are activated, attach to their host, penetrate the host's cuticle, proliferate within the host, and kill the host.[5] In water fleas, the ability of the spore to successfully attach during the infection process is related to the genotype of the host and the parasite.[6] Spore cells that do not infect animals and pass through a resistant host can still remain viable and infectious.[7]

Effects of parasite

Following infection with Pasteuria, the parasite interferes with the reproduction of their female hosts. Hosts can live with the parasite for a prolonged period of time after infection.[8] In Daphnia, P. ramosa induces gigantism.[9] P. penetrans parasitized females of the nematode Meloidogyne javanica, on the other hand, were smaller than healthy individuals.[4]

Potential as biocontrol

Due to the effect of Pasteuria on reproduction, especially on nematode pests of important crops, there is an interest to develop Pasteuria as a biological control agent.[10] In 2012, Syngenta acquired a company named Pateuria Bioscience to commercialize Pasteuria as a biological control.[11] In 2013, Syngenta launched CLARIVA™ pn, which has the active ingredient of Pasteuria nishizawae to combat the soybean cyst nematode.[12] The effectiveness of Pasteuria as a biocontrol may depend on the biotypes of the nematode host that are present since they can vary in their susceptibility to Pasteuria.[13]

Species of Pasteuria and their hosts

Currently, four species of Pasteuria and two candidate species are described, all of which are obligate parasites with specific hosts. The described species and their hosts include:

Candidate species and their hosts include:

Additional species of Pasteuria have been named but are yet to be formally described, including Pasteuria hartismeri and Pasteuria goettingianae.[18]

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References
  1. Stackebrandt, Erko (2014). "The Family Pasteuriaceae". In Rosenberg, Eugene; DeLong, Edward F.; Lory, Stephen; Stackebrandt, Erko; Thompson, Fabiano (eds.). The Prokaryotes. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 281–284. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30120-9_347. ISBN 9783642301193.
  2. Preston, J. F.; Dickson, D. W.; Maruniak, J. E.; Nong, G.; Brito, J. A.; Schmidt, L. M.; Giblin-Davis, R. M. (2003). "Pasteuria spp.: Systematics and Phylogeny of These Bacterial Parasites of Phytopathogenic Nematodes". Journal of Nematology. 35 (2): 198–207. ISSN 0022-300X. PMC 2620627. PMID 19265995.
  3. Vos, P; Garrity, G; Jones, D; Krieg, N.R.; Ludwig, W; Rainey, F.A.; Schleifer, K.-H.; Whitman, W.B. (2009). "The Firmicutes". Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology - Springer. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-68489-5. ISBN 978-0-387-95041-9.
  4. Hatz, B.; Dickson, D. W. (1992). "Effect of Temperature on Attachment, Development, and Interactions of Pasteuria penetrans on Meloidogyne incognita". Journal of Nematology. 24 (4): 512–521. ISSN 0022-300X. PMC 2619314. PMID 19283029.
  5. Duneau, David; Luijckx, Pepijn; Ben-Ami, Frida; Laforsch, Christian; Ebert, Dieter (2011). "Resolving the infection process reveals striking differences in the contribution of environment, genetics and phylogeny to host-parasite interactions". BMC Biology. 9 (1): 11. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-9-11. PMC 3052238. PMID 21342515.
  6. Luijckx, Pepijn; Duneau, David; Andras, Jason P.; Ebert, Dieter (2014). "Cross-Species Infection Trials Reveal Cryptic Parasite Varieties and a Putative Polymorphism Shared Among Host Species". Evolution. 68 (2): 577–586. doi:10.1111/evo.12289. ISSN 1558-5646. PMID 24116675.
  7. King, Kayla C; Auld, Stuart K J R; Wilson, Philip J; James, Janna; Little, Tom J (2013). "The bacterial parasite Pasteuria ramosa is not killed if it fails to infect: implications for coevolution". Ecology and Evolution. 3 (2): 197–203. doi:10.1002/ece3.438. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 3586630. PMID 23467806.
  8. Ebert, D. (2005). Ecology, epidemiology and evolution of parasitism in Daphnia. National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for Biotechnology Information, Bethesda (MD). ISBN 978-1-932811-06-3.
  9. Cressler, Clayton E.; Nelson, William A.; Day, Troy; McCauley, Edward (2014). "Starvation reveals the cause of infection-induced castration and gigantism". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1792): 20141087. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.1087. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 4150321. PMID 25143034.
  10. Davies, K. G.; Rowe, J. A.; Williamson, V. M. (2008). "Inter- and intra-specific cuticle variation between amphimictic and parthenogenetic species of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) as revealed by a bacterial parasite (Pasteuria penetrans)". International Journal for Parasitology. 38 (7): 851–859. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.11.007. PMID 18171577.
  11. "Syngenta to acquire Pasteuria Bioscience". www.syngenta.com. Archived from the original on 2016-04-24. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
  12. "CLARIVA". www.syngenta.com. Archived from the original on 2016-04-24. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
  13. Tzortzakakis, E. A.; De. R. Channer, A. G.; Gowen, S. R.; Ahmed, R. (1997). "Studies on the potential use of Pasteuria penetrans as a biocontrol agent of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.)". Plant Pathology. 46 (1): 44–55. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3059.1997.d01-211.x. ISSN 1365-3059.
  14. Metchnikoff, M.E. (1888). "Pasteuria ramosa un représentant des bactéries à division longitudinale". Ann. Inst. Pasteur: 165–170.
  15. Sayre, R. M; Wergin, W. P; Schmidt, J. M; Starr, M. P (1991). "Pasteuria nishizawae sp. nov., a mycelial and endospore-forming bacterium parasitic on cyst nematodes of genera Heterodera and Globodera". Research in Microbiology. 142 (5): 551–564. doi:10.1016/0923-2508(91)90188-G. PMID 1947427.
  16. Starr, M. P.; Sayre, R. M. (1988). "Pasteuria thornei sp. nov. and Pasteuria penetrans sensu stricto emend., mycelial and endospore-forming bacteria parasitic, respectively, on plant-parasitic nematodes of the genera Pratylenchus and Meloidogyne". Annales de l'Institut Pasteur / Microbiologie. 139 (1): 11–31. doi:10.1016/0769-2609(88)90094-4. PMID 3382544.
  17. Giblin-Davis, R. M.; Nong, G.; Preston, J. F.; Williams, D. S.; Center, B. J.; Brito, J. A.; Dickson, D. W. (2011). "'Candidatus Pasteuria aldrichii', an obligate endoparasite of the bacterivorous nematode Bursilla". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 61 (9): 2073–2080. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.021287-0. PMID 20870891.
  18. Bishop, Alistair H.; Gowen, Simon R.; Pembroke, Barbara; Trotter, James R. (2007). "Morphological and molecular characteristics of a new species of Pasteuria parasitic on Meloidogyne ardenensis". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 96 (1): 28–33. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2007.02.008. PMID 17399736.
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