Bigtooth cardinalfish

Paroncheilus affinis, the bigtooth cardinalfish[3] or longtooth cardinalfish, is a species of marine fish in the family Apogonidae and the only member of its genus.[4] The bigtooth cardinalfish lives in the west-central Atlantic, off southern Florida, United States, and from the Bahamas to Venezuela, and as far south as Suriname. This species also is found in the east-central Atlantic and the Gulf of Guinea, and has been reported as far as Cape Verde.[5] It is a pale orangeish colour.

Bigtooth cardinalfish
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Kurtiformes
Family:	Apogonidae
Subfamily:	Apogoninae
Genus:	Paroncheilus J. L. B. Smith, 1964
Species:	P. affinis
Binomial name
Paroncheilus affinis (Poey, 1875)
Synonyms[2]
Apogon affinis Poey, 1875 Cheilodipterus affinis (Poey, 1875) Chilodipterus affinis Poey, 1875 Paroncheilus stauchi Smith, 1964 Phaeoptyx affinis (Poey, 1875)

Description

The bigtooth cardinalfish grows to a maximum length of about 11 cm (4.3 in). It is a laterally compressed fish with a large head, short snout and large eye. The obliquely-set mouth is moderately large and the lower jaw projects forward. Each jaw has a row of tiny teeth interspersed by some large canine teeth. There are further vomerine teeth, including some small canines, on the roof of the mouth. The dorsal fin is divided into two separate fins; the first dorsal fin has seven spines and the second has seven soft rays. The anal fin has two spines and nine soft rays. The dorsal surface is a translucent salmon, orange or bronze colour, and the underside of head and body are silvery. There is a faint dark stripe extending from the mouth, through the eye to the top of the operculum, and the outer edge of the tailfin may also be dark.[3][5]

Distribution and habitat

The bigtooth cardinalfish is native to the tropical Atlantic Ocean. In the east, its range extends along the Atlantic coast, from Ivory Coast to Angola, including the Gulf of Guinea, the Cape Verde Islands and Ascension Island. In the west, its range extends from northeastern Florida southwards and westwards to the Bahamas and the Gulf of Mexico, and from Mexico to northwestern Cuba, the Caribbean Sea, Venezuela, Suriname and along the coast of South America to Ilha Itaparica, Brazil. It is found at depths between 15 and 300 m (50 and 980 ft), most often between 20 and 90 m (70 and 300 ft). It is usually associated with coral or rocky reefs, rocky outcrops, or sometimes gravel or rubble-covered seabed.[1]

Ecology

The bigtooth cardinalfish is nocturnal, concealing itself in crevices and caves during the day. Large schools sometimes form near the base of underwater cliffs. It is carnivorous, feeding on small fishes and squids, crustaceans and benthic invertebrates. Breeding takes place throughout the year, with a male and female forming a pair bond before spawning. This species is a mouth brooder; some authorities state that the male incubates a ball of eggs in its mouth,[1] while other authorities state that mouth brooding is performed by both parents.[3][5]

Status

In general this fish faces few threats because its typical rocky habitat is not under threat and it is of no commercial interest. It is however vulnerable to predation by the invasive red lionfish (Pterois volitans) in the Caribbean region; this is a voracious venomous species which feeds at night and swallows fish the size of the bigtooth cardinalfish whole.[1][6] Elsewhere it is a common fish and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of least concern.[1]

References

1. Gilmore, G. & Fraser, T. (2015). "Paroncheilus affinis". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T185924A1789864. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T185924A1789864.en.
2. Baillie, Nicolas (2020). "Paroncheilus affinis (Poey, 1875)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
3. "Species: Paroncheilus affinis, Bigtooth cardinalfish". Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
4. Mabuchi, K.; Fraser, T. H.; Song, H.; Azuma, Y. & Nishida, M. (2014). "Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3846 (2): 151–203. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1. Full paper
5. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2015). "Paroncheilus affinis" in FishBase. August 2015 version.
6. Cote, I.M. & Maljkovie, A. (2010). "Predation rates of Indo-Pacific lionfish on Bahamian coral reefs". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 404: 219–225. doi:10.3354/meps08458.