Palm kernel

The palm kernel is the edible seed of the oil palm fruit. The fruit yields two distinct oils: palm oil derived from the outer parts of the fruit, and palm kernel oil derived from the kernel.[1]

Palm kernel within a palm fruit.

The pulp left after oil is rendered from the kernel is formed into "palm kernel cake", used either as high-protein feed for dairy cattle or burned in boilers to generate electricity for palm oil mills and surrounding villages.

Uses
Palm kernel cake

Palm kernel cake is most commonly produced by economical screw press, less frequently via more expensive solvent extraction.[2]

Palm kernel cake is a high-fibre, medium-grade protein feed best suited to ruminants.[3][4] Among other similar fodders, palm kernel cake is ranked a little higher than copra cake and cocoa pod husk,[5] but lower than fish meal and groundnut cake, especially in its protein value.

Composed of 16% fiber, palm kernel cake also has a high phosphorus-to-calcium ratio and contains such essential elements as magnesium, iron, and zinc.[6] The typical ration formulated for the feeding of dairy cattle consists of palm kernel cake (50%), molasses (5%), grass/hay (42%), limestone (1.5%), mineral premix (1%), and salt (0.5%), with trace element/vitamin premix.[7]

  • World War II British Empire palm kernel poster
gollark: XTMF was not really designed for this use case, so it'll be quite hacky. What you can do is leave a space at the start of the tape of a fixed size, and stick the metadata at the start of that fixed-size region; the main problem is that start/end locations are relative to the end of the metadata, not the start of the tape, so you'll have to recalculate the offsets each time the metadata changes size. Unfortunately, I just realized now that the size of the metadata can be affected by what the offset is.
gollark: The advantage of XTMF is that your tapes would be playable by any compliant program for playback, and your thing would be able to read tapes from another program.
gollark: Tape Shuffler would be okay with it, Tape Jockey doesn't have the same old-format parsing fallbacks and its JSON handling likely won't like trailing nuls, no idea what tako's program thinks.
gollark: Although I think some parsers might *technically* be okay with you reserving 8190 bytes for metadata but then ending it with a null byte early, and handle the offsets accordingly, I would not rely on it.
gollark: Probably. The main issue I can see is that you would have to rewrite the entire metadata block on changes, because start/end in XTMF are offsets from the metadata region's end.

See also

References
  1. Oil Palm FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin-148, 2002, 60pg, ISBN 92-5-104859-2
  2. Malaysian Palm Kernel Cake as Animal Feed Archived 2006-01-04 at the Wayback Machine Hishamuddin Mohd Aspar, 2001, Palm Oil Developments 34
  3. Evaluation of Palm Kernel Meal and Corn Distillers Grains in Corn Silage-Based Diets for Lactating Dairy Cows Carvalho, Cabrita, Dewhurst, Vicente, Lopes, and Fonseca, 2006, Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 89, No. 7
  4. Palm Kernel Cake as a supplement for fattening and dairy cattle in Malaysia FY Chin, 1992, FAO, Manado, Chapter 25
  5. Nutritive value of palm kernel cake and cocoa pod husks for growing cattle Wong Hee Kum, Wan Zahari Mohamed, 1997, Journal of Tropical Agriculture and Food Science, Vol. 25, No. 1, ISSN 1394-9829
  6. Quality and Characteristics of Malaysian Palm Kernel Cakes/Expellers Tang Thin Sue, 2001, Palm Oil Developments 34
  7. Use of Palm Kernel Cake and Oil Palm By-Products in Compound Feed Archived 2006-01-04 at the Wayback Machine M Wan Zahari and A R Alimon, 2004, Palm Oil Developments 40
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