Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals

Pahlevani and zourkhaneh rituals is the name inscribed by UNESCO for varzesh-e pahlavāni (Persian: آیین پهلوانی و زورخانه‌ای‎, "heroic sport")[1] or varzesh-e bāstāni (ورزش باستانی; varzeš-e bāstānī, "ancient sport"), a traditional system of athletics originally used to train warriors in Iran (Persia) and adjacent lands. Outside Iran, zoorkhanehs can be found in Azerbaijan, and they were introduced into Iraq in the mid-19th century, where they seem to have existed until the 1980s.[2] It combines martial arts, calisthenics, strength training and music. Recognized by UNESCO as the world's longest-running form of such training, it fuses elements of pre-Islamic Persian culture (particularly Zoroastrianism, Mithraism and Gnosticism) with the spirituality of Shia Islam and sufism. Practiced in a domed structure called the zurkhāneh, training sessions consist mainly of ritual gymnastic movements and climax with the core of combat practice, a form of submission-grappling called koshti pahlavāni.

Studio Portrait of Three Persian Wrestlers by Antoin Sevruguin, c.1890

"Pahlavani" redirects here. For the village in Iran, see Pahlavani, Iran.

Pahlevani and Zourkhaneh Rituals
UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage
Pahlevan Namjoo Zurkhaneh in Azadi Street
Country	Iran
Reference	378
Region	Asia and Australasia
Inscription history
Inscription	2010 (4th session)

Koshti Pahlevani

The pahlevan Mustafa Tousi holding a pair of meels
Also known as	Koshti Pahlavāni
Focus	Wrestling , Grappling
Country of origin	Iran (Persia)
Famous practitioners	Alireza Soleimani Abbas Zandi
Descendant arts	Catch wrestling Shoot wrestling
Olympic sport	Through lineage: Pahlevani wrestling --> Catch wrestling ---> Freestyle wrestling
Official website	http://www.izsf.net/en/
Meaning	Heroic wrestling

History

Training push-ups

Traditional Iranian wrestling (koshti) dates back to ancient Persia and was said to have been practiced by Rustam, mythological Iranian hero of the Shahnameh epic. While folk styles were practiced for sport by every ethnic group in various provinces, grappling for combat was considered the particular specialty of the zourkhāneh. The original purpose of these institutions was to train men as warriors and instill them with a sense of national pride in anticipation for the coming battles.[3] The Mithrāic design and rituals of these academies bear testament to its Parthian origin (132 BC - 226 AD). The zourkhaneh system of training is what is now known as varzesh-e bastani, and its particular form of wrestling was called koshti pahlevani, after the Parthian word pahlevan meaning hero.

When the Arabs invaded Persia around 637 CE, the zourkhānehs served as secret meeting places where knights would train and keep alive a spirit of solidarity and patriotism. Invaders repeatedly targeted the houses of strength to discourage rebels, but new ones would always be organized in a different location. Following the spread of Shia Islam, and particularly after the development of Sufism in the 8th century, varzesh-e pahlavani absorbed philosophical and spiritual components from it. Religious hymns were incorporated into training, and the first Shi'ite imam Ali was adopted as the zourkhāneh patron.

See also: Javānmardi

Varzesh-e bastani was particularly popular in the 19th century, during the reign of the Qajar king Nāser al-Din Shāh Qājār (1848–1896). Every 21 March on Nowruz (the Iranian new year), competitions would be held in the shah's court, and the shah himself would present the champion with an armlet (bazoo-band). The sport declined following the rise of the Pahlavi dynasty in the 1920s and the subsequent modernisation campaigns of Reza Shah, who saw the sport as a relic of Qajarite ritual. Reza Shah's son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi took a different approach, emphasizing Iran's ancient Persian roots as an alternative to the heavily Islam-based identity of less developed nations in the Middle East. He attempted to revive the tradition and practiced it himself, and during his reign, the last national competitions were held.

Following the Iranian Revolution of 1979 the tradition lost some of its popularity as the new regime discouraged anything tied to pre-Islamic paganism, which included the Gnostic and Mithraic chants and rituals of the zourkhāneh. This did not last, however, as the Islamic Republic eventually promoted varzesh-e bastani as a symbol of Iranian pride and culture. Today, varzesh-e pahlavāni is touted as the reason why Iranians are regular winners at international wrestling and weight-lifting events.

The matter of attracting younger members has been a major discourse for some time. Suggestions have included making practice more upbeat and distributing duties among the younger members instead of adhering strictly to seniority. The IZSF was established in response to this and it is currently the world governing body for all zourkhāneh. In recent years, the sport appears to be gaining popularity in the countries adjacent to Iran, including Iraq and Afghanistan.[4]

One of the Baku's Inner City's entertainment areas was the Zorkhana. Baku's Zorkhana located just a few steps from the Bukhari and Multani caravanserais, towards the Maiden's Tower dates back to at least the 15th century. There were contests accompanied by a trio of musicians who performed traditional Eastern instruments like the kamancha, zurna and naghara. Most of these melodies have long since been forgotten. However, one by the name of "Jangi" (War) is still performed prior to the opening of Azerbaijani national wrestling competitions (Gulash).[5]

The zurkhāneh

The traditional gymnasium in which varzesh-e bastani is practiced is known as the zurkhaneh (Persian: زورخانه‎, also spelled zoorkhāneh and zourkhāneh), literally the "house of strength". These gyms are covered structures with a single opening in the ceiling, with a sunken 1m-deep octagonal or circular pit in the center (gaud).[6] Around the gaud is a section for the audience, one for the musicians, and one for the athletes. A portrait of Ali is hung on the wall of every zurkhāneh. An aspiring member may be a male from any social class or religion, but they must first spend at least a month watching from the audience before they can join. Traditionally, the zurkhānehs demanded no payment from their athletes, and depended instead on public donations. In return, the zurkhāneh provided community services and protection. One example is the "casting of flowers" ceremony in which athletes held koshti matches and other displays of strength to raise funds for the needy. There are today 500 zurkhaneh in Iran and each has strong ties to their local community. Zurkhanehs have commonly had strong political affiliations, either advocating or denouncing particular governments; Qassem Soulimani, a supporter of the then exiled Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, and later the commander of the Quds Force, attended a zurkhāneh as a teenager.[7] This type of sports diplomacy is said to be a natural extension of the patriotic nature of zurkhāneh training dating back to the days when pahlevans served in the king's court.

Rituals and practice

Bastani rituals mimic the practices and traditions of Sufi orders, as evidenced by terminology like murshed or morshed ("master"), pishkesvat ("leader"), tāj ("crown") and faqr ("poverty"). The ethics involved are also similar to Sufi ideals, emphasizing purity of heart. Every session begins with pious praise to the Prophet Muhammed and his family. The morshed dictates the pace by beating a goblet drum (zarb) while reciting Gnostic poems and stories from Persian mythology. As the most important member of the zourkhāneh, the morshed leads prayer sessions and spurs the athletes on with poems in praise of Shi'ite imams and excerpts from the Shahnameh. The singing itself once served as a form of oral education, passing down social knowledge, moral codes and religious teachings to the warriors in training.

The main portion of a varzesh-e bāstāni session is dedicated to weight training and calisthenics, notably using a pair of wooden clubs (mil), metal shields (sang), and bow-shaped iron weights (kabbādeh or kamān). This is followed by exercises like Sufi whirling and juggling, all of which are intended to build strength. The athletes move in unison to the drum beats of the morshed. Every session ends with bouts of koshti pahlavāni.

Ancient Zoroastrians believed that the development of physical and mental strength could be used to enhance spirituality. Thus, aside from once preparing warriors for battle, this training is supposed to promote kindness and humility through the cultivation of outer strength. Under the supervision of a pishkesvat, students are instructed in traditional ethics and chivalry. Participants are expected to be pure, truthful, good-tempered and only then strong in body. Acquiring the rank of pahlevan (hero) requires mastery of the physical skills, observance of religious principles, and passing the moral stages of Gnosticism. The principles of unpretentiousness are exemplified by a verse recited at many meetings: "Learn modesty, if you desire knowledge. A highland would never be irrigated by a river." (Kanz ol-Haghayegh)

International Zurkhāneh Sport Federation

The International Zurkhāneh Sport Federation (IZSF) was established on October 10, 2004 to promote varzesh-e pahlavāni on a global level. The IZSF aims to regulate and standardize rules for koshti pahlevani and organize international festivals and competitions. In 2010 it started to regulate and organize para-zourkhāneh festivals for disabled athletes. Seventy Two countries are currently members of the IZSF.[8]

• The 1st Koshti Pahlevani Championship (Tajikistan President Cup), 8–9 September 2005.
• The 1st International Zurkhaneh Sports Festival of the Cities of the World. Mashhad, I.R Iran, 11–16 November 2005.
• The 1st Zurkhaneh Sport Tournament of Asian Universities Students in Shomal University in Amol, I.R Iran, 15 November 2006.
• The 1st Asian Zurkhaneh Sports Festival in Tehran, I.R Iran, 18–24 November 2006.
• The 1st European Zurkhaneh Sports Festival in Saarbrücken, Germany. 26–31 March 2007.
• The 2nd International Zurkhaneh Sports tournament in Kish Island, I.R Iran, 16–20 February 2008.
• The 2nd Asian Zurkhaneh Sports Championship in Kathmandu, Nepal, 22–27 July 2008.
• The 1st Zurkhaneh Sports World Championship, during the 4th Busan TAFISA Sport For All Games, South Korea, 26 Sep – 2 Oct 2008.
• The 1st Zurkhaneh Sports World Cup, Baku, Azerbaijan, 13–17 March 2009.
• The 1st International Zurkhaneh Sports Tournament (Ferdowsi Cup), Dushanbeh, Tajikistan, 12–16 May 2009.
• The 2nd European Zurkhaneh Sports Championship, Frankfurt, Germany, 13–17 December 2009.
• The 1st International Zurkhaneh Sports Tournament (Ferdowsi Cup), Dushanbeh, Tajikistan, 10–13 July 2010.
• The 2nd Zurkhaneh Sports World Cup, Konya, Turkey, 20–25 October 2010.
• The 1st Junior European Zurkhaneh Sports Championship, Minsk, Belarus, 25–29 November 2010.
• The 1st Junior Asian Zurkhaneh Sports Championship (Ferdowsi Cup), Dushanbeh, Tajikistan, 4–7 December 2010.
• The 1st Asian Para Zurkhaneh Sports Championship (Ferdowsi Cup), Dushanbeh, Tajikistan, 8 December 2010.
• The 1st African Zurkhaneh Sports Championship, Mozambique
• The 3rd Asian Zurkhaneh Sports Championship in Dhaka, Bangladesh, September 2012.
• The 3rd European Zurkhaneh Sports Championship, during the TAFISA Sport For All Games, Palanga, Lithuania, July 2012.
• The 4th Asian Zurkhaneh Sports Championship in Kathmandu, Nepal, September 2013.
• The 5th Asian Zurkhaneh Sports Championship in Tabriz, I. R. Iran
• The 2nd African Zurkhaneh Sports & Pahlavani Championship, Addis Ababa Ethiopia
• The 2nd Zurkhaneh & Kosthi Pahlavani World Championship in The 6th TAFISA World Sports for All Games, Jakarta, Indonesia
• The 4th Islamic Solidarity Games, Baku, Azerbaijan (details)

See also

• Kurash
• Köräş
• Pankration
• Pehlwani
• Sambo
• Yağlı güreş
• Ssireum

References

1. official IZSF
2. Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals at Encyclopædia Iranica
3. Nekoogar, Farzad (1996). Traditional Iranian Martial Arts (Varzesh-e Pahlavani). pahlvani.com: Menlo Park. Accessed: 2007-02-08
4. CHN News (November 25, 2005). Iran's Neighbours to Revive Iran's Varzesh-e Pahlevani Archived 2012-04-24 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed: 2007-02-08
5. Baku's Old City. Memories of How it Used to Be by Farid Alakbarli // Azerbaijan International. Autumn 2002 (10.3). Pages 38–43.
6. Bashiri, Iraj (2003). Zurkhaneh. Accessed: 2007-02-08
7. Merat, Arron. "What America needs to understand about Qasim Soleimani". Retrieved 2020-01-23.
8. IZSF official website.

Further information

• Abassi, Mehdi (1984). Tarikh-e Koshtigari dar Iran (The History of Wrestling in Iran). Tehran
• Beizai, Hossein Parto (1967). Tarikh-e Varzesh-e Bastani (Zoorkhaneh). Tehran
• Documentary Video of Zurkhaneh Training
• Google Video on "Zurkhaneh"
• Luijendijk, D.H., 2006, Zoor Khane, Ancient Martial Art of Iran, Boulder, US
• PDF reports on Zurkhaneh.com

External links

• International Zoorkhneh Federation

External video
The Pahlevani and Zoorkhanei Rituals (UNESCO official channel) on YouTube