Oxford v Moss

Oxford v Moss (1979) is an English criminal law case, dealing with theft of intangible property: information. The High Court: Divisional Court, to whom the legal question of the taking of a proof (final draft) exam paper was referred by magistrates, and which is not one of binding precedent, ruled that information could not be deemed to be intangible property and therefore was incapable of being stolen within the Theft Act 1968.

Oxford v Moss
Court	Divisional Court, Queens Bench Division
Full case name	Kenneth Oxford, Chief of Merseyside Police v. (or and or against) Moss
Decided	1979
Citation(s)	(1979) 68 Cr App Rep 183 [1979] Crim LR 119
Cases cited	Peter Pan Manufacturing Corporation v. Corsets Silhouette ltd. [1963] 3 All E.R. 402 Seager v. Copydex Ltd. [1967] 2 All E.R. 415 Argyll v. Argyll [1965] 2 W.L.R. 790 Fraser v. Evans [1968] 3 W.L.R. 1172
Legislation cited	Theft Act 1968, Section 4, Section 6 (1)
Case history
Prior action(s)	Police v Oxford, Liverpool Magistrates Court
Subsequent action(s)	None
Court membership
Judge(s) sitting	Smith J & Wein J
Keywords
Theft: ingredients of offence information intangible property deemed intention to permanently deprive under s.6 (1) if goodness or virtue substantially or essentially lost

Facts

The defendant, Moss, was a University student and managed to obtain a proof copy of his forthcoming exam paper. It was accepted that he always intended to return the proof itself, and therefore could not be convicted of theft of the proof itself, however he was charged with stealing information belonging to the Senate of the University.

The case was heard by the Liverpool Stipendiary Magistrate, and it was argued by the prosecution that the information itself was property capable of being stolen because it had attached to it a proprietary right of confidence, and once this was breached, the information itself had been stolen. It was argued by the defence that Section 4 of the Theft Act 1968 did not define a class of intangible property beyond a chose in action, and therefore information per se was not protected by the Theft Act 1968.

The magistrate ruled that confidential information was not a form of property as defined by Section 4, and that confidence consisted in the right to control the publication of the proof and was a right over property rather than property in itself.

Judgment

The Divisional Court considered whether confidential information falls within the definition contained in s4(1) of the Theft Act, and were referred to authorities dealing with trade secrets and matrimonial secrets. The judges said that those cases dealt with, more squarely, confidentiality yet the appropriate remedies for breach had been injunction or damages rather than criminal. The conclusion was drawn that the definition of "intangible property" was not broad enough to include confidential information, and the prosecutor's appeal was dismissed.

Critique

Professor Richard Card disagrees with the outcome as opines it has omitted some reasoning:

Although confidential information in an examination is not property and cannot be stolen, if a student surreptitiously borrows a college examination paper a week before the examination, intending to copy it and then to return it, his appropriation of the piece of paper will be regarded under s 6(1) as done with the intention of permanently depriving the college authorities of it (the paper). The borrowing is clearly for a period and in the circumstances making it equivalent to an outright taking or disposal because, if the paper is returned as intended, all its goodness and virtue will have gone.[1]

Notes

1. Card, Cross and Jones: Criminal Law 16th Ed., Prof. Richard Card (ed.), Reed Elsevier (printed by CPI Bath, Bath, UK), 2004. at 9.67 (p405)

External links

• "Judgment". Archived from the original (doc) on 8 December 2010.