Organic beans

Organic beans are produced and processed without the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. In 2008, over 2,600,000 acres (11,000 km2) of cropland were certified organic in the United States.[1] Dry beans, snap beans, and soybeans were grown on 16,000 acres (65 km2), 5,200 acres (21 km2), and 98,000 acres (400 km2), respectively.[2]

Black beans in the pod

There are three major types of organic beans: dry beans, snap beans (also known as green beans), and soybeans. The mature seeds of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) serve as a protein source in a variety of foods worldwide. Dry beans and snap beans are the same species, although dry beans are distinguished from snap beans (green beans) which are consumed as immature pods.[3] Dry and snap beans also differ from soybeans (Glycine max), in which the seeds are consumed in a variety of processed forms such as tofu, soybean meal, oil, and fermented forms such as miso. Dry beans are divided into classes with a range of seed sizes, colors, and shapes. Examples include black beans, pintos, navy beans, small red beans, and kidney beans. Soybeans are usually divided into two groups, feed-grade and food-grade, with the food-grade including soybeans for processing, "tofu-beans", and edamame, the latter of which is eaten as immature beans.

Organic certification
Labeling for products that meet the USDA-NOP standards

To sell beans as organic in the United States, producers must meet the requirements of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Organic Program (NOP) under the Organic Food Production Act of 1990. A third-party certifying agency, not part of the USDA, verifies that the producer has met the minimum requirements and may themselves have additional requirements. Prior to marketing crops as "certified organic", fields must be managed during a three-year transition phase using organic practices (that is, no synthetic pesticides or fertilizers). Detailed record keeping is essential for organic producers and these details are checked annually by the certifying agency who may perform a site inspection.

Certification information for other nations can be found on the Organic certification Wikipedia page.

Production information

Organic bean producing regions in the United States

Michigan is currently the top organic dry bean producing state in the U.S., accounting for 37% of the area and 47% of the sales.[4] The majority of the area is located in the "Thumb" region of Michigan, with black beans being the most common class produced organically. Colorado and North Dakota are the second and third top producers, respectively, of organic dry beans in the United States.

Washington is the top producer of organic snap beans, followed by Michigan and California. In 2008, the total sales of organic snap beans totaled over 1.4 million dollars.[4]

The value of organic soybeans in 2008 totaled more than $50 million in the U.S., with Minnesota, Iowa, and Michigan accounting for 46% of the total production.[4]

Snap bean harvester

Organic bean markets

Organically grown beans typically demand a price premium and as a consequence the marketing details differ from the conventional market. Organic bean producers often set up contracts with buyers prior to planting the crop.[5] Buyers may also have special needs to consider when it comes to cleaning and processing beans in certified facilities, thereby making proximity to these certified facilities important.

Organic dry beans from the United States are marketed both nationally and abroad. In 2010, one of the markets for Michigan and Washington produced dry beans was the restaurant chain Chipotle Mexican Grill. Another market is Eden Foods Inc. Organic snap beans are marketed to a variety of companies, such as Gerber and Earth's Best, makers of organic baby food.

Organic soybeans have perhaps the most market potential of the three beans as they can be used as feed for organic animal production and processed into many different products.

Pest management

Pest management in organic dry beans must be done without the use of synthetic herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and other pesticides. For this reason, cultural, mechanical, and biological methods are the primary means of keeping pests under control.

Major weed pests
Rotary hoe

Controlling weeds is the primary cost to agricultural production systems, including organic beans. Weeds can reduce the emergence, growth, and yield of beans as they compete for light, water, and nutrient resources. Weeds are grouped in many ways, such as by life cycle. In organic beans, the most problematic weeds are those with summer annual and perennial life cycles.[6][7]

Summer annuals

Summer annuals are weeds that germinate in the spring or summer, produce seed in the late summer to fall, and then die. Their life cycle is complete in one year.

  • Common lambsquarters – broadleaf weed that emerges over an extended period of time, grows rapidly, produces large quantities of seed that can remain dormant in the soil for decades
  • Common ragweed – broadleaf weed that emerges over an extended period of time, grows rapidly, and is tolerant to control by heat treatments (like a propane flamer)
  • Pigweed (Amaranthus) – broadleaf weed that grows rapidly and is a prolific producer of seed
  • Foxtail (Setaria) species – grass weed that grows in clumps and emerges after common lambsquarters and common ragweed
  • Crabgrass (Digitaria) species – grass weed with a prostrate growth habit
Perennials

Perennial weeds can live for multiple growing seasons, usually due to hardy root stocks.

  • Canada thistle- broadleaf weed with roots that can grow to a depth 15 feet (4.6 m) in the soil profile. Tillage often promotes the spread of Canada thistle by dispersing segments of the root.
  • Perennial sowthistle- broadleaf weed with yellow flowers similar to dandelion that can reproduce by seed or rhizome
  • Quackgrass- grass weed that reproduces primarily via rhizome. Seeds are short lived in the soil (2–4 years)

Example of weed management: Several types of tractor-pulled implements such as a rotary hoe and/or one of various types of cultivator/cultivators can be used to mechanically remove weeds from organic fields.

Major insect pests

Insects are another contributor to yield loss in organic beans. There are several examples of insects that affect organic bean systems including:[3]

Western bean cutworm damage to dry bean
  • Bean and potato leafhoppers- sucking insect that causes bean leaves to yellow at the tips and on the edges and can cause stunting
  • Western bean cutworm- larvae of this insect feed on the pods of beans reducing yield and quality
  • Soybean aphid – sap-sucking insect that can form large colonies on soybean. Soybean aphids can also transmit viruses from plant to plant while feeding.
  • Seedcorn maggot – feed on dry and snap bean seed and seedlings. The risk of feeding is increased when temperatures are cool and the soil is wet.

Example of insect management: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a bacterium that when ingested by susceptible insects is lethal. This product is referred to as a microbial insecticide of which there are four subspecies and over 100 commercial products available for use in organic systems.[8]

Major pathogens

Pathogens can take the form of fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. Each can act as a disruptor to plant growth and development and can have negative effects on organic bean yields. Examples of bean pathogens include:

  • White mold- a fungus with a wide host range. A symptom of later stages of infection is white cottony hyphal growth on bean stems, leaves, and pods.
  • Anthracnose- refers to disease caused by many different fungi. Anthracnose spores can be seedborne or overwinter on leaf litter.
  • Soybean cyst nematode (soybean specific)- can cause up to 50% yield loss in soybeans due to root feeding.[9]
  • Bean common and soybean mosaic viruses- virus that occurs on bean seed and can have negative impacts on yield and bean quality. Both viruses can be transmitted from plant to plant by aphids.[9][10]

Example of disease management: The onset of certain diseases, such as white mold, can be reduced by planting in rows wide enough to allow adequate air movement which can reduce humidity and decrease drying time after precipitation events. If plant material is allowed to dry quickly it will not have the 9 to 48 hours of continuous moisture on the leaf surface required for the white mold infection to occur.[11]

Organically approved pesticides

Some naturally derived chemical products are permitted for use under organic production. All materials have to be reviewed and approved by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI). Examples of organically allowable pesticides that can be used to produce organic beans include:

Fertility

Because synthetic fertilizers are not permitted in organic production systems, fertility must come from sources such as:[12]

gollark: (I went for two)
gollark: The code is here, by the way:https://osmarks.tk/git/osmarks/yet-another-hatchery
gollark: Assuming nothing explodes and we don't end up with everything becoming sick, I plan to release it more publicly within a few days.
gollark: Also, dragons aren't yet autoupdated, but I think I'll make them autoupdate at a rate of once a minute - does that seem OK or should it be lower?
gollark: There should be some occasional downtime while I push a few updates over the next few somethings.

See also

References
  1. United States Department of Agriculture - Economic Research Service. "Table 2. U.S. certified organic farmland acreage, livestock numbers, and farm operations". ERS/USDA Data- Organic Production. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  2. United States Department of Agriculture- Economic Research Service. "Table 7. Certified organic beans". ERS/USDA Data- Organic Production. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  3. Schwartz, H. F., M. A. Brick, R. M. Harveson, and G. D. Franc (2004). Dry Bean Production & Pest Management. Colorado State University, University of Nebraska, and University of Wyoming. p. 167.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. United States Department of Agriculture - National Agriculture Statistics Service. "Table 7. Organic Field Crops Harvested from Certified and Exempt Organic Farms: 2008" (PDF). The Census of Agriculture: 2008 Organic Survevy. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  5. Born, Holly. "Marketing organic grains". ATTRA- National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
  6. Department of Crop and Soil Sciences. "Michigan's Worst Weeds". Michigan State University. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
  7. Uva, R., J. Neal, and J. DiTomaso (1997). Weeds of the Northeast. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University. p. 397. ISBN 0-8014-3391-6.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. Caldwell, B, E. B. Rosen, E. Sideman, A. Shelton, and C. Smart (2005). Resource guide for organic insect and disease management. Geneva, NY: New York Agricultural Experiment Station. p. 169. ISBN 0-9676507-2-0.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. Iowa State University Extension. "Soybean Insects and Diseases". Archived from the original on 8 April 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
  10. Mukeshimana, G., L. P. Hart and J. D. Kelly. "Bean common mosaic virus and bean common mosaic necrosis virus (E-2894)" (PDF). Michigan State University Extension. Retrieved 23 March 2011.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. Robertson, L.S. and, R. D. Frazier (1978). Dry Bean Production- Principles and Practices (E-1251). Michigan State University Extension and Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. p. 225. Unknown ID E-1251.
  12. Kuepper, George. "Organic soybean production". ATTRA: National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service. Archived from the original on May 30, 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.