Omphalotus

Omphalotus
	Omphalotus olearius
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Agaricomycetes
Order:	Agaricales
Family:	Marasmiaceae
Genus:	Omphalotus; Fayod (1889)
Type species
	Omphalotus olearius; (DC.) Singer (1946)
Synonyms[1]
	Monadelphus Earle (1909)[2];

Omphalotus is a genus of basidiomycete mushroom, in the family Marasmiaceae, formally circumscribed by Victor Fayod in 1889. Members have the traditional cap and stem toadstool form. They are saprobic, and fruit in clumps on trees. The best known and type species is the jack-o'-lantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius). Species of Omphalotus have been mistaken for chanterelles. All Omphalotus species are presumed poisonous, causing gastrointestinal symptoms. Some Omphalotus species have bioluminescent properties.[3]

Taxonomy

Victor Fayod originally erected the genus with Pleurotus olearius and P. eryngii as its principal species in 1889,[4] placing it in a tribus ("alliance") with the genera Pleurotus and Pleurotellus.[5]

The relationships of the genus have become clearer with genetic analysis. Rolf Singer placed it and the related Lampteromyces in the Boletales due to the presence of the pigment variegatic acid. More specifically the genera were placed in the family Paxillaceae. However, it was found that fungi of the genus Omphalotus break down lignin while those of the genus Paxillus break down cellulose.[6]

Since then, the genera have been found to have a close relationship with the genus Nothopanus, and the whole group to lie within the agaric family Marasmiaceae.[6] The group has been classified in their own family Omphalotaceae.[7]

The type species is the jack-o'-lantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius) from Europe. Another eight species have been described. The seven species examined genetically form two clades. One is an illudens clade containing (O. illudens) of Europe and North America, and (O. mexicanus) from Central America. The other is an olearius clade containing O. olearius and the tsukiyotake (O. japonicus) from eastern Asia as sister species, and the western jack-o'-lantern (O. olivascens) and (O. subilludens).[6] Since the phylogeny was published, Omphalotus flagelliformis has been described from Yunnan Province in China, which is related to O. mexicanus and O. illudens.[8]

The generic name Omphalotus is derived from the Byzantine Greek ὀμϕαλοειδής, meaning "navel".[9]

Phylogeny

O. olearius

	O. olivascens var. olivascens

	O. olivascens var. indigo

Phylogeny and relationships of Omphalotus species based on ITS ribosomal DNA sequences.[6]

Species

Name	Common name	Distribution
Omphalotus flagelliformis		Yunnan Province in southwestern China
Omphalotus guepiniformis		Russia
Omphalotus illudens	jack-o'lantern mushroom	eastern North America
Omphalotus japonicus	tsukiyotake	Korea, China, and far eastern Russia.
Omphalotus mexicanus		Mexico
Omphalotus nidiformis	ghost fungus	southwest Western Australia
Omphalotus olearius	jack-o'-lantern mushroom	Europe
Omphalotus olivascens	western jack-o'-lantern mushroom	California and Mexico.
Omphalotus subilludens		Eastern United States.

Description

Fungi of this genus produce fleshy mushrooms with smooth or fibrous caps with gills and fleshy or fibrous stems growing in clumps on wood.[7] O. mexicanus has dark blue fruiting bodies tinted with yellow.[5]

Toxicity

Many members of the genus are known to be toxic, with consumption leading to gastrointestinal symptoms of nausea, vomiting and at times diarrhea.[10] The toxic ingredient is a sesquiterpene compound known as illudin S.[11][12][13]

Distribution and ecology

The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, found in forests around the world.[7] Its species cause a white soft rot on dead wood as they break down lignin.

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References

"Omphalotus Fayod". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2012-12-12.
Earle, Franklin Sumner (1906). "The Genera of North American Gill Fungi". Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden. 5: 373–451 (see p. 432).
Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M (1996). Introductory Mycology. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-52229-5.
Fayod, Victor (1889). "Prodrome d'une histoire naturelle des Agaricinés" (PDF). Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique (in French). 9 (7): 181–411 (see p. 338).
Petersen, Ronald H.; Hughes, Karen W. (1997). "Mating systems in Omphalotus (Paxillaceae, Agaricales)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 211 (3–4): 217–29. doi:10.1007/bf00985360. ISSN 0378-2697.
Kirchmair, Martin; Morandell, Sandra; Stolz, Daniela; Pöder, Reinhold; Sturmbauer (2004). "Phylogeny of the Genus Omphalotus Based on Nuclear Ribosomal DNA-sequences". Mycologia. 96 (6): 1253–60. doi:10.2307/3762142. JSTOR 3762142. PMID 21148949.
Paul F. Cannon; P. M. Kirk; P. F. Cannon (2007). Fungal Families of the World. CAB International. pp. 247–48. ISBN 978-0851998275.
Yang ZL, Feng B (2013). "The genus Omphalotus (Omphalotaceae) in China" (PDF). Mycosystema. 32 (3): 545–56. ISSN 1672-6472.
"omphaloid, adj.". The Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. April 2008. Retrieved 2012-12-12. (subscription required)
Joseph F. Ammirati; Traquair; James Alvin; Paul A. Horgen (1985). Poisonous Mushrooms of the Northern United States and Canada. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 290–91. ISBN 0816614075.
Benjamin, Denis R. (1995). Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas — a handbook for naturalists, mycologists and physicians. New York: WH Freeman and Company. pp. 366–67. ISBN 0-7167-2600-9.
Nakanishi, K.; Ohashi, M.; Tada, M.; Yamada, Y. (1965). "Illudin S (lampterol)". Tetrahedron. 21 (5): 1231–1246. doi:10.1016/0040-4020(65)80065-5. PMID 5896484.
Anchel, M.; Herbey, A.; Robbins, W.J. (1950). "Antibiotic Substances from Basidiomycetes: VII. Clitocybe illudens". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 36 (5): 300–305. doi:10.1073/pnas.36.5.300. PMC 1063187. PMID 15417544.

External links

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[urlMycoBank:_Omphalotus-1] "Omphalotus Fayod". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2012-12-12.

[Earle_1906-2] Earle, Franklin Sumner (1906). "The Genera of North American Gill Fungi". Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden. 5: 373–451 (see p. 432).

[Alexopoulos1996-3] Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M (1996). Introductory Mycology. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-52229-5.

[Fayod_1889-4] Fayod, Victor (1889). "Prodrome d'une histoire naturelle des Agaricinés" (PDF). Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique (in French). 9 (7): 181–411 (see p. 338).

[peterson97a-5] Petersen, Ronald H.; Hughes, Karen W. (1997). "Mating systems in Omphalotus (Paxillaceae, Agaricales)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 211 (3–4): 217–29. doi:10.1007/bf00985360. ISSN 0378-2697.

[kirchmair-6] Kirchmair, Martin; Morandell, Sandra; Stolz, Daniela; Pöder, Reinhold; Sturmbauer (2004). "Phylogeny of the Genus Omphalotus Based on Nuclear Ribosomal DNA-sequences". Mycologia. 96 (6): 1253–60. doi:10.2307/3762142. JSTOR 3762142. PMID 21148949.

[CABI-7] Paul F. Cannon; P. M. Kirk; P. F. Cannon (2007). Fungal Families of the World. CAB International. pp. 247–48. ISBN 978-0851998275.

[Yang_2013-8] Yang ZL, Feng B (2013). "The genus Omphalotus (Omphalotaceae) in China" (PDF). Mycosystema. 32 (3): 545–56. ISSN 1672-6472.

[OED-Omphalotus-9] "omphaloid, adj.". The Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. April 2008. Retrieved 2012-12-12. (subscription required)

[10] Joseph F. Ammirati; Traquair; James Alvin; Paul A. Horgen (1985). Poisonous Mushrooms of the Northern United States and Canada. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 290–91. ISBN 0816614075.

[Benjamin_1995-11] Benjamin, Denis R. (1995). Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas — a handbook for naturalists, mycologists and physicians. New York: WH Freeman and Company. pp. 366–67. ISBN 0-7167-2600-9.

[Nakanishi_1965-12] Nakanishi, K.; Ohashi, M.; Tada, M.; Yamada, Y. (1965). "Illudin S (lampterol)". Tetrahedron. 21 (5): 1231–1246. doi:10.1016/0040-4020(65)80065-5. PMID 5896484.

[Anchel_1950-13] Anchel, M.; Herbey, A.; Robbins, W.J. (1950). "Antibiotic Substances from Basidiomycetes: VII. Clitocybe illudens". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 36 (5): 300–305. doi:10.1073/pnas.36.5.300. PMC 1063187. PMID 15417544.