Ode to Joy (TV series)
Ode to Joy (simplified Chinese: 欢乐颂; traditional Chinese: 歡樂頌) is a 2016 Chinese television series jointly produced by Shandong Television Media Group and Daylight Entertainment Television Ltd. It is based on the same title novel by A Nai. The first season of the drama aired from 18 April to 10 May 2016.
| Ode to Joy | |
|---|---|
 Season 2 promotional image | |
| Genre | Drama Slice-of-life Romance |
| Created by | Shanghai Media Group |
| Written by | Yuan Zidan |
| Directed by | Kong Sheng, Jian Chuanhe |
| Starring | Liu Tao Jiang Xin Wang Ziwen Yang Zi Qiao Xin |
| Opening theme | Various renditions of Beethoven's Ode to Joy |
| Ending theme | There Will Be Happiness Waiting for You (Season 1) Us (Season 2) |
| Country of origin | China |
| Original language(s) | Chinese |
| No. of seasons | 2 |
| No. of episodes | 42 (Season 1) 55 (Season 2) |
| Production | |
| Producer(s) | Hou Hongliang |
| Running time | 45 minutes (approx.) |
| Production company(s) | Shandong Film & TV Production Co.,Ltd.(Season 1) Daylight Entertainment Television Ltd (Season 1-2) |
| Distributor | Daylight Entertainment Television Ltd |
| Release | |
| Original network | Dragon Television Zhejiang Television |
| Original release | 18 April 2016 – 10 June 2017 |
| External links | |
| Website | |
The second season of the drama aired from 11 May to 10 June 2017.[1]
Synopsis
The series is about five modern women who live on the 22nd floor of an apartment complex called "Ode to Joy" in Shanghai. Each with their unique personality and lifestyle, the five women have different backgrounds, including their age, social status, personality and careers. Their relationships were initially rocky, but eventually they became good friends and neighbours. Together, they navigate their career and love lives, solving problems and growing more resilient.
Cast
Main
| Actress | Role | Appearance | Description | |
| 1 | 2 | |||
| Liu Tao | Andy | Main | 31 years old; a Wall Street executive who returns to China in search of her long-lost brother. Despite her intelligence, Andy is not good at dealing with relationships. Her lonely childhood as an orphan and battle with a hereditary mental disorder fills her life with worry. | |
| Jiang Xin | Fan Shengmei | Main | 30 years old; a senior HR executive at a foreign company. She is resourceful, worldly and kind-hearted. Facing constant extortion from her financially strained family, Fan Shengmei puts great importance on money and superficial needs whilst battling her insecurities. | |
| Wang Ziwen | Qu Xiaoxiao | Main | 24 years old; daughter of a rich businessman. She is honest, sassy and fierce. Having spent her life idling away, Qu Xiaoxiao decides to start her own business to battle her half brother in inheriting their father's wealth. | |
| Yang Zi | Qiu Yingying | Main | 23 years old; a regular employee who comes to Shanghai from a small city to seek better endeavours. She is straightforward and simple, but her impulsiveness gets hers into sticky situations. | |
| Qiao Xin | Guan Ju'er | Main | 22 years old; an intern at a global top 500 company who strives to catch up with her fellow peers due to her inferior educational background. Coming from an academic family, she is quiet, introverted and gentle. As she enters the workplace and meets different people, Guan Ju'er starts to question her identity and aspirations. | |
Supporting
| Actor | Role | Appearance | Description | |
| 1 | 2 | |||
| Zu Feng | Qi Dian | Main | Guest | A shrewd and capable CEO who builds his career from scratch. He is cautious and on-guard of the people around him. He is long-time online friends with Andy, and is also her first love. However, because of how much he knows about Andy, their relationship ends up falling apart. |
| Wang Kai | Zhao Qiping | Main | A chief physician at a renowned hospital known for his exemplary educational background and immaculate work attitude. When he is off-work, he displays his charismatic and flirtatious nature. He has an on-and-off relationship with Qu Xiaoxiao until they realize they want to be exclusive. | |
| Jin Dong | Tan Zongming | Guest | A legendary figure in Shanghai's business world. Andy's boss and long-time friend who truly cares for her and helps her find her brother. | |
| Yang Shuo | Bao Yifan | Guest | Main | A second generation rich heir and vice president of his family's company. Though he may seem frivolous on the outside, he is earnest and persistent, both in work and love. He later becomes Andy's boyfriend. |
| Zhang Lu | Wang Baichuan | Main | A hardworking businessman who founded a start-up. He has had a crush on Shengmei since their university days, and when he hears that she is still single, he decides to pursue her. He is someone willing to go the extra mile for love, but Fan Shengmei's relentless demands make him feel inadequate. | |
| Wu Haochen | Ying Qin | Guest | Main | A hardworking and simple man who works as an IT employee. He comes from the same hometown as Qiu Yingying, and later becomes her boyfriend. However, his traditional view towards relationships put their romance in peril once he finds out that Yingying isn't a virgin. |
| Deng Lun | Xie Tong | Main | A rising musician in his early twenties. He meets Guan Ju'er after a misunderstanding between him and Yingying. Later becomes Guan Ju'er's boyfriend. | |
Extended
Family members
| Actor | Role | Appearance | Description | |
| 1 | 2 | |||
| Su Shenghua | He Yunli | Guest | An Di's grandfather who passes away. | |
| Ding Yongdai | Wei Guoqiang | Regular | An Di's father. | |
| Dai Meihong | An Di's mother | Guest | ||
| Shi Yunpeng | Xiao Ming | Regular | An Di's brother who suffers from a mental disorder. | |
| Zhang Naihua | Fan Shengmei's father | Regular | ||
| Kang Junzhi | Fan Shengmei's mother | Regular | ||
| Yue Yang | Fan Shengmei's brother | Regular | ||
| Zhao Qianzi | Fan Shengmei's sister-in-law | Regular | ||
| Yang Yicheng | Lei Lei | Regular | Fan Shengmei's nephew. | |
| Wang Yongquan | Qu Xiaoxiao's father | Regular | ||
| Mu Liyan | Qu Xiaoxiao's mother | Regular | ||
| Guo Xiaoran | Qu Lianjie | Regular | Qu Xiaoxiao's half-brother. | |
| Feng Hui | Qiu Yingying's father | Regular | ||
| Yan Jingyao | Qiu Yingying's mother | Regular | ||
| Tan Xihe | Guan Ju'er's father | Regular | ||
| Liu Mintao | Guan Ju'er's mother | Regular | ||
| Zhang Chenguang | Bao Yifan's father | Regular | ||
| Juan Zi | Bao Yifan's mother | Regular | ||
| Chen Jin | Zhao Qiping's mother | Regular | ||
| Cai Gang | Wang Baichuan's father | Regular | ||
| Li Xiaoyan | Wang Baichuan's mother | Regular | ||
| Cao Yi | Ying Qin's father | Regular | ||
| Yang Kun | Ying Qin's mother | Regular | ||
Others
| Actor | Role | Appearance | Description | |
| 1 | 2 | |||
| Zhang Xiaoqian | Yao Bin | Regular | Qu Xiaoxiao's good friend. A rich boy who loves to party. | |
| Wang Wenshi | Lan Lan | Regular | One of Qu Xiaoxiao's entourage. | |
| Hu Yijing | Kong Kong | Regular | One of Qu Xiaoxiao's entourage. | |
| Chen Muyang | Chief Bai | Guest | Qiu Yingying's deceiving ex-boyfriend and colleague. | |
| Yu Wentong | Yan Luming | Guest | Tan Zongming's good friend. | |
| Wang Hong | Lin Jing | Regular | Guan Ju'er's senior and pursuer. | |
| Liu Lin | Xiu Yuan | Regular | Hospital director who helps take care of Xiao Ming. | |
| Li Kewei | Liu Siming | Regular | An Di's employee. A careless and scatter-brained man who focuses more on investing in stocks than on work. | |
| Li Shuai | Guan Dayu | Regular | An Di's employee. | |
| Yuan Yuan | Zhang Lili | Regular | An Di's employee. | |
| Sui Yumeng | Mi Xue'er | Regular | Guan Ju'er's fellow intern. | |
| Zhu Mengyao | Xiao Ye | Regular | Guan Ju'er's fellow intern. | |
| Li Xueting | Ah Guan Nan | Guest | Qu Xiaoxiao's former classmate. She wanted to seduce Qi Dian, and thus framed An Di to be a third party. | |
| Wei Wei | Xiao Nan | Guest | A debtor who extorted hospital bills from Fan Shengmei. | |
| Johnny Chen | Chen Jiakang | Guest | Fan Shengmei's admirer. | |
| Jin Zehao | Shu Zhan | Guest | Guan Ju'er's matchmaking partner. | |
| Lu Ling | Mrs. Wei | Guest | Wei Guoqiang's wife. | |
Soundtrack
Season One
| Title | Singer |
|---|---|
| "说不出口" (Can't Say It Aloud) | Liu Tao |
| "灰姑娘" (Cinderella) | Jiang Xin |
| "我要你" (I Want You) | Wang Ziwen |
| "开的比花香" (More Fragrant Than Flowers) | Yang Zi |
| "破茧" (Breaking out of the Cocoon) | Bridgette Qiao |
| "陪你左右" (Staying By Your Side) | Zu Feng |
| "空气" (Air) | Zu Feng |
| "你我" (You and Me) | Yang Shuo |
| "爱情这样开始" (Love Begins Like This) | Zhang Jiang |
| "欢乐颂" (Ode to Joy) | Zhang Jiang |
| "繁星" (Array of Stars) | Zhang Jiang |
| "总有幸福在等你" (There Will Be Happiness Waiting for You) | Liu Tao, Jiang Xin, Wang Ziwen, Yang Zi, Bridgette Qiao |
Season Two
| Title | Singer | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| "我们“ (Us) | Liu Tao, Jiang Xin, Wang Ziwen, Yang Zi, Bridgette Qiao | Theme song |
| "家的滋味" (The Feeling of Home) | Liu Tao | An Di's theme song |
| "遇到爱“ (Meeting Love) | Liu Tao | An Di's theme song |
| "不怕一个人" (Not Afraid to be Alone) | Jiang Xin | Fan Shengmei's theme song |
| "我管可爱你管帅" (I'm Cute, You're Handsome) | Wang Ziwen | Qu Xiaoxiao's theme song |
| "蚯蚓" (Earthworm) | Yang Zi | Qiu Yingying's theme song |
| "想做你的瘋女孩" (I Want To Be Your Crazy Girl) | Bridgette Qiao | Guan Ju'er's theme song |
| "吻你之时别再躲" (Don't Hide When I Kiss You) | Yang Shuo | Bao Yifan's theme song |
| "愛我所愛" (Love What I Love) | Deng Lun | Xie Tong's theme song |
| "咖哩咖哩" (Curry Curry) | Milk Coffee | |
| "天已黑" (Night Has Fallen) | Aska Yang | |
| "天已黑" (Night Has Fallen) | Deng Lun & Li Yang | Version 2 |
| "音樂帶我解脫" (Music Brings Me Relief) | Xu Hebin | |
| "只要你一個" (I Only Want You) | Dongdong Dong | |
| "逆光飛翔" (Fly Against the Light) | Xu Hebin | |
| "錯愛" (Wrong Love) | Quan Zhendong | |
| "錯過" (Let Slip) | Su Lisheng |
Reception
Critical reception
After airing, Ode to Joy received positive reviews from critics. People's Daily considered the series as a "new style of modern drama" which caters to women.[2] The series has also been praised for breaking away from the cookie-cutter nature of TV dramas that often feature a pure and kind-hearted Cinderella-like figure as its protagonist; and for injecting a new lease of life into the domestic TV drama industry.[3][4] Hailed as China's answer to Sex and the City, the drama has been praised for its realistic story and characters which viewers were able to empathize with. Sohu commented that Ode to Joy reveals the hardships that exist underneath the surface of shiny metro life, while also exploring different social rungs. Another success factor was due to its high production quality which showcases China's modern developments.[3][5][6]
Conversely, the series has also been criticized for encouraging the worship of wealth and leading audiences to become immersed in a world of pure illusion.[3] The second season of the drama was also criticized for its repetitive plot, merely having a rating of 5.3 on Douban. Additionally, it was further panned for its materialist message.[7] The series has also caused heated discussion about "virgin obsession" on social media platforms.[8]
Commercial reception
Ode to Joy is a hit with both domestic and overseas viewers. The first season of the drama has over 18.3 billion views as of December 2016, becoming the most watched contemporary drama in China, before being surpassed by Love O2O.[9] The total number of views on YouTube also reached over 50 million, surpassing the record previously set by Nirvana in Fire[6] and Princess Agents.[10]
The second season of the drama is also commercially successful, with over 1 percent viewership ratings in China and has acquired a strong international following.[11]
Ratings
First season
| Broadcast date[12] | Episode | Zhejiang TV CSM52 ratings | Dragon TV CSM52 ratings | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ratings(%) | Audience share (%) | Rank | Ratings (%) | Audience share(%) | Rank | ||
| 2016.4.18 | 1-2 | 0.492 | 1.43 | 12 | 0.567 | 1.64 | 9 |
| 2016.4.19 | 3-4 | 0.612 | 1.70 | 10 | 0.729 | 2.01 | 7 |
| 2016.4.20 | 5-6 | 0.580 | 1.61 | 10 | 0.780 | 2.16 | 7 |
| 2016.4.21 | 7-8 | 0.593 | 1.71 | 11 | 0.753 | 2.15 | 7 |
| 2016.4.22 | 9-10 | 0.808 | 2.25 | 8 | 0.844 | 2.33 | 7 |
| 2016.4.23 | 11 | 0.926 | 2.72 | 4 | 0.984 | 2.89 | 3 |
| 2016.4.24 | 12-13 | 0.885 | 2.54 | 4 | 1.102 | 3.05 | 3 |
| 2016.4.25 | 14-15 | 0.897 | 2.58 | 4 | 0.983 | 2.86 | 2 |
| 2016.4.26 | 16-17 | 0.912 | 2.58 | 7 | 0.993 | 2.79 | 4 |
| 2016.4.27 | 18-19 | 0.919 | 2.67 | 5 | 1.040 | 3.01 | 3 |
| 2016.4.28 | 20-21 | 0.826 | 2.43 | 7 | 0.962 | 2.82 | 5 |
| 2016.4.29 | 22-23 | 0.976 | 2.84 | 3 | 1.126 | 3.24 | 1 |
| 2016.4.30 | 24 | 0.833 | 2.61 | 5 | 0.862 | 2.71 | 4 |
| 2016.5.01 | 25-26 | 0.913 | 2.9 | 3 | 1.29 | 3.92 | 1 |
| 2016.5.02 | 27-28 | 1.262 | 3.514 | 2 | 1.513 | 4.205 | 1 |
| 2016.5.03 | 29-30 | 1.236 | 3.590 | 4 | 1.383 | 4.020 | 2 |
| 2016.5.04 | 31-32 | 1.298 | 3.801 | 2 | 1.524 | 4.474 | 1 |
| 2016.5.05 | 33-34 | 1.304 | 3.791 | 3 | 1.672 | 4.854 | 1 |
| 2016.5.06 | 35-36 | 1.349 | 3.95 | 2 | 1.748 | 5.1 | 1 |
| 2016.5.07 | 37 | 1.274 | 3.76 | 2 | 1.68 | 4.96 | 1 |
| 2016.5.08 | 38-39 | 1.11 | 3.32 | 3 | 1.928 | 5.54 | 1 |
| 2016.5.09 | 40-41 | 1.258 | 3.562 | 3 | 1.930 | 5.451 | 1 |
| 2016.5.10 | 42 | 1.331 | 3.69 | 2 | 1.972 | 5.48 | 1 |
| Average ratings | 0.982 | 1.233 | |||||
Second season
| Broadcast date[13] | Dragon TV ratings | Zhejiang TV ratings | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ratings | Audience share | Rank | Ratings | Audience share | Rank | |
| 2017-5-11 | 1.342 | 4.438 | 2 | 1.549 | 5.122 | 1 |
| 2017-5-12 | 1.351 | 4.49 | 2 | 1.925 | 6.4 | 1 |
| 2017-5-13 | 1.224 | 4.22 | 2 | 1.446 | 5 | 1 |
| 2017-5-15 | 1.352 | 4.46 | 2 | 1.517 | 5.019 | 1 |
| 2017-5-16 | 1.438 | 4.94 | 2 | 1.518 | 5.225 | 1 |
| 2017-5-17 | 1.397 | 4.842 | 1 | 1.396 | 4.833 | 2 |
| 2017-5-18 | 1.34 | 4.637 | 2 | 1.464 | 5.065 | 1 |
| 2017-5-19 | 1.43 | 4.81 | 2 | 1.489 | 5.05 | 1 |
| 2017-5-20 | 1.261 | 4.45 | 2 | 1.372 | 4.83 | 1 |
| 2017-5-21 | 1.597 | 5.21 | 2 | 1.694 | 5.52 | 1 |
| 2017-5-22 | 1.549 | 4.927 | 2 | 1.648 | 5.255 | 1 |
| 2017-5-23 | 1.582 | 5.18 | 2 | 1.63 | 5.333 | 1 |
| 2017-5-24 | 1.592 | 5.31 | 1 | 1.563 | 5.2 | 2 |
| 2017-5-25 | 1.516 | 5.32 | 1 | 1.495 | 5.24 | 2 |
| 2017-5-26 | 1.558 | 5.36 | 1 | 1.555 | 5.4 | 2 |
| 2017-5-27 | 1.36 | 4.9 | 1 | 1.271 | 4.63 | 2 |
| 2017-5-28 | 1.495 | 5.17 | 2 | 1.542 | 5.33 | 1 |
| 2017-5-29 | 1.583 | 5.53 | 2 | 1.611 | 5.61 | 1 |
| 2017-5-30 | 1.688 | 5.626 | 2 | 1.694 | 5.648 | 1 |
| 2017-5-31 | 1.645 | 5.514 | 2 | 1.798 | 6.017 | 1 |
| 2017-6-1 | 1.647 | 5.695 | 2 | 1.667 | 5.771 | 1 |
| 2017-6-2 | 1.681 | 5.62 | 2 | 1.803 | 6.05 | 1 |
| 2017-6-3 | 1.331 | 4.58 | 2 | 1.742 | 6 | 1 |
| 2017-6-4 | 1.986 | 6.31 | 1 | 1.919 | 6.1 | 2 |
| 2017-6-5 | 1.955 | 6.323 | 1 | 1.705 | 5.519 | 2 |
| 2017-6-6 | 1.842 | 6.251 | 1 | 1.725 | 5.859 | 2 |
| 2017-6-7 | 1.824 | 6.361 | 1 | 1.608 | 5.6 | 2 |
| 2017-6-8 | 2.017 | 7.101 | 1 | 1.55 | 5.452 | 2 |
| 2017-6-9 | 1.904 | 6.168 | 1 | 1.695 | 5.811 | 2 |
| 2017-6-10 | 1.793 | 6.489 | 1 | 1.467 | 5.317 | 2 |
- Highest ratings are marked in red, lowest ratings are marked in blue
Awards and nominations
| Year | Award | Category | Nominated work | Result | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 7th Macau International Television Festival | Best Television Series | Ode to Joy | Won | |
| 2017 | 11th National Top-Notch Television Production Award Ceremony | Outstanding Television Series | Won | [14] | |
| 2nd China Quality Television Drama Ceremony | Quality Drama Example of the Year | Won | [15] | ||
| Audience Favorite TV Series (Dragon TV) | Won | ||||
| Quality Ensemble of the Year | Liu Tao, Jiang Xin, Wang Ziwen, Yang Zi, Bridgette Qiao | Won | |||
| Audience's Favorite Quality Star | Liu Tao | Won | |||
| Most Improved Actors of the Year | Wang Ziwen, Yang Shuo | Won | |||
| Quality Producer of the Year | Hou Hongliang (also for When a Snail Falls in Love) | Won | |||
| 22nd Huading Awards | Best Director | Kong Sheng, Jian Chuanhe | Nominated | [16] | |
| Best Screenwriter | Yuan Zidan | Nominated | |||
| Best Actress | Liu Tao | Nominated | |||
| Best Actress (Contemporary) | Jiang Xin | Nominated | |||
| Best Supporting Actor | Zu Feng | Nominated | |||
| Best Supporting Actress | Wang Ziwen | Nominated | |||
| Top 10 Television Series | Ode to Joy | Won | |||
| 23rd Shanghai Television Festival | Best Television Series | Nominated | [17] | ||
| Best Director | Kong Sheng, Jian Chuanhe | Nominated | |||
| Best Writing | Yuan Zidan | Nominated | |||
| Best Actress | Liu Tao | Nominated | |||
| Jiang Xin | Nominated | ||||
| Best Supporting Actor | Jin Dong | Nominated | |||
| Best Supporting Actress | Wang Ziwen | Nominated | |||
| Yang Zi | Nominated | ||||
| 8th Macau International Television Festival | Best Actress | Liu Tao | Nominated | [18] | |
| Best Supporting Actress | Wang Ziwen | Nominated | |||
| 2018 | 31st Flying Apsaras Award | Outstanding Television Series (Modern) | Ode to Joy | Won | [19] |
| Outstanding Actress | Liu Tao | Nominated | |||
| Jiang Xin | Nominated | ||||
| 29th China TV Golden Eagle Award | Best Actress | Liu Tao | Nominated | [20] | |
| Yang Zi | Nominated |
International broadcast
Season One
| Channel | Location | Date |
|---|---|---|
| Dragon Television |  | 18 April 2016 |
| Zhejiang Television | ||
| Guangdong Television | 27 June 2017 | |
| NTV7 (Astro 147) |  | 27 October 2016 |
| 8TV (Astro 148) | 8 July 2017 | |
| TVB |  | 8 July 2017 (myTV SUPER) |
| 21 January 2018 (TVB Chinese Drama's myTV SUPER 88) | ||
| 11 November 2018 (TVB J2's myTV SUPER 82) |
Season Two
| Channel | Location | Date |
|---|---|---|
| Dragon Television | | 11 May 2017 |
| Zhejiang Television | ||
| NTV7 (Astro 147) | | 8 July 2020 |
| 8TV (Astro 148) | 6 August 2020 | |
| TVB | | 12 August 2017 (myTV SUPER) |
| 7 April 2018 (TVB Chinese Drama's myTV SUPER 88) | ||
| 1 January 2020 (TVB J2's myTV SUPER 82) |
References
- "Ode to Joy 2 returns on May 11". Shanghai Daily. May 3, 2017.
- 人民日报海外版：《欢乐颂》为都市剧的创新探路 People's Daily May 8, 2016
- "TV drama Ode to Joy sparks discussion about changing values". The Global Times. May 15, 2016.
- "An Ode to Youth". Beijing Review. July 7, 2016.
- "Chinese Ode to Joy TV series seducing audiences in Vietnam". Xinhua News Agency. July 8, 2016.
- "Mainland drama Ode to Joy captures the hearts of overseas viewers". The Global Times. May 23, 2016.
- "Show of the Week: Ode to Joy". The World of Chinese. June 3, 2017.
- "Virginity issue reflected in TV drama". China Daily. June 6, 2017.
- "Vlinkage reveals 16 Cdramas with over 10 Billions Online Views". A Virtual Voyage. V Linkage. December 11, 2016.
- "《楚乔传》曝定档海报 赵丽颖变特工少". Sina (in Chinese). May 22, 2017.
- "Daughters from Elysium". The Global Times. May 17, 2017.
- "Ode to Joy 1 ratings". Baike Baidu. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
- "Ode to Joy 2 ratings". Baike Baidu. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
- "第十一届电视制片业颁奖落幕 秦海璐蒋欣等获十佳". ifeng (in Chinese). February 20, 2017.
- "品质盛典：孙俪着戏装现身 胡歌现场致敬老艺术家". NetEase (in Chinese). March 3, 2017.
- "华鼎奖提名公布投票开启 《人民》吴刚陆毅齐入围". Sina (in Chinese). April 28, 2017.
- "23届上海电视节入围名单公布 《欢乐颂》获八项提名". ent.ifeng (in Chinese). May 24, 2017.
- "2017第八届澳门国际电视节奖项提名". Weibo (in Chinese). Macau International Television Festival. December 11, 2017.
- "第31届飞天奖暨第25届星光奖完整奖单". Sina.com.cn (in Chinese). April 3, 2018. Archived from the original on May 12, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
- "第29届中国电视金鹰奖提名演员名单出炉". Xinhua News Agency (in Chinese). October 9, 2018.
External links
- Ode to Joy on IMDb
- Ode to Joy on YouTube
- Ode to Joy on Youku
- Ode to Joy on Sohu
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.