Nylon riots

The nylon riots were a series of disturbances at American stores created by a nylon stocking shortage.

Women standing in line for nylon stockings outside Miller's Department Store in Oak Ridge in January 1946.

Background

Nylon was first introduced by DuPont around 1939 and was in extremely high demand in the United States, with up to 4 million pairs of stockings bought in one day. The riots occurred between August 1945 and March 1946, when the War Production Board announced that the creation of Du Pont's nylon would shift its manufacturing from wartime material to nylon stockings, at the same time launching a promotional campaign. In one of the worst disturbances, in Pittsburgh, 40,000 women queued up for 13,000 pairs of stockings, leading to fights breaking out.[1][2] It took several months before Du Pont was able to ramp up production to meet demand, but until they did many women went without nylon stockings for months.

Ripstop nylon, which was more effective than silk and canvas, was used for parachutes and other war materials, such as airplane cords and ropes. At first, canvas was used to create parachute canopies, and silk was much more effective (stronger and thinner). However, there were many other materials used for parachute canopies, such as Dacron. These materials did not compare to nylon, as nylon was a more practical and developed material.

Wartime "stocking panic"

During World War II, Japan stopped using supplies made out of silk, and so the United States had difficulty importing silk from Japan. Eventually, the U.S was unable to import any silk. So, Du Pont thought of an idea to convince the army that nylon is a much more effective material than silk. Du Pont was able to convince the army, and nylon fabric became increasingly popular because of its elasticity and shrink-proof, moth-proof material.

Nylon stockings became increasingly popular on the black market, and sold for up to $20 per pair. Women who could not get their hands on nylons resorted to lotions, creams, stick cakes and painting seam lines down their legs to give the illusion of nylons. Because nylon stockings were so widely sought-after, they also became the target of crime. In Louisiana, one household was robbed of 18 pairs of nylons. Similarly, robbery was ruled out as the motive of a murder in Chicago because the nylons were untouched.[3]

Women everywhere yearned for the end of war and a time when nylons would be commonly available again. George Marion, Jr. and Fats Waller's song "When the Nylons Bloom Again" captured the wistful sentiments of these American women:[2][4]

Gone are the days when I'd answer the bell
Find a salesman with stockings to sell
Gleam in his eye and measuring tape in his hand
I get the urge to go splurging on hose
Nylons a dozen of those
Now poor or rich we're enduring instead
Woolens which itch
Rayons that spread

I'll be happy when the nylons bloom again
Cotton is monotonous to men
Only way to keep affection fresh
Get some mesh for your flesh
I'll be happy when the nylons bloom again
Ain't no need to blow no sirens then

When the frozen hosen can appear
Man that means all clear

Working women of the USA and Britain
Humble dowager or lowly debutant
We'll be happy as puppy or a kitten
Stepping back into their nylons of DuPont

Keep on smiling to the nylons bloom again
And the WACS come back to join their men
In a world that Mr. Wallace planned
Strolling hand in hand

— George Marion, Jr. and Fats Waller, When the Nylons Bloom Again

End of the war and beginning of riots

In August 1945, eight days after Japan's surrender, Du Pont announced that it would resume producing stockings and newspaper headlines cheered "Peace, It's Here! Nylons on Sale!" Du Pont's announcement indicated that nylons would be available in September and the motto "Nylons by Christmas" was sung everywhere. Du Pont originally forecast that it would be able to produce 360 million pairs per year but this estimate turned out to be over-aggressive. The resulting production delays led to shortage and as a result, riots broke out.

The first riot occurred in September when a small post-war shipment of stockings went on limited sale around the country. Stores were flooded with mobs of women, clamoring to get their hands on a pair of nylons. The riots then grew in severity. In November, 30,000 women reportedly lined up in New York; 40,000 women in Pittsburgh queued up for a mere 13,000 pairs.[5] A headline in Augusta, Georgia, read "Women Risk Life and Limb in Bitter Battle for Nylons" and went on to detail how crowds clamored into the store, knocking down shelves and displays along the way.

News of the riots was all over the papers and magazines. It was declared that no other commodity had ever received as much free advertising in the history of the newspaper industry. The press reported outrageous instances of hair-pulling, hysterical women fighting tooth and nail for a pair of the prized stockings.

The shortage persisted into 1946 but by March, Du Pont was finally able to ramp up production and began churning out 30 million pairs of stockings a month. Widespread availability of the stockings ended the period of 'nylon riots'.[6]

Accusations

During the shortage, many people began to suspect that Du Pont was deliberately delaying production. Du Pont's factories were actually operating at full capacity but nonetheless, public discontent remained high. Reporters suggested the company was being greedy and unpatriotic for maintaining exclusive patent and production rights to a substance in such popular demand. In 1945, an ad appeared in Knit Goods Weekly that called on readers and other retailers to write to their congressmen in protest.[6]

In light of the public scandal, Du Pont tried to shift the blame to selfish housewives who had nothing better to do than stand in line and hoard stock. The public remained unconvinced. In 1951, after the riots had long subsided, Du Pont was threatened with an antitrust suit. In response, they agreed to share nylon licensing with the Chemstrand Corporation. They soon allowed other licenses as well. [6]

References

1. Krier, Beth Ann (October 27, 1988). "How Nylon Changed the World : 50 Years Ago Today, It Reshaped the Way We Live--and Think". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
2. Handley, Susannah (1999). Nylon: The Story of a Fashion Revolution. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0756771720.
3. Meikle, Jeffrey L. (1997). American plastic : a cultural history. Rutgers University. ISBN 0813522358. OCLC 807850588.
4. Meikle, Jeffrey L. (1997). American plastic : a cultural history. Rutgers University. ISBN 0813522358. OCLC 807850588.
5. Spivack, Emily. "Stocking Series, Part 1: Wartime Rationing and Nylon Riots". SmithsonianMag.com. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
6. Meikle, Jeffrey L. (1995), "Nylon", American Plastic: A Cultural History, Rutgers University Press, pp. 150–151, ISBN 9780813522357

Books

• Meikle, Jeffrey L. (1995). "American Plastic: A Cultural History". New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
• Peterson, Amy T. ed., Valerie Hewitt, Heather Vaughan, Ann T. Kellogg, and Lynn W. Payne (2008). "The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through American History: 1900 to the Present". Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
• Handley, Susannah (2000). "Nylon: The Story of a Fashion Revolution". Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Hounshell, David A. and Smith, John Kenly, JR (1988). Science and Corporate Strategy: Du Pont R and D, 1902–1980. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Ndiaye, Pap A. (trans. 2007). Nylon and Bombs: DuPont and the March of Modern America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Chandler, Alfred D. (1969). Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the American Industrial Enterprise.