Nygaardsvold's Cabinet

Nygaardsvold's Cabinet (later becoming the Norwegian government-in-exile) was appointed on 20 March 1935,[1] the second Labour cabinet in Norway. It brought to an end the non-socialist minority Governments that had been dominating politics since the introduction of the parliamentary system in 1884, and replaced it with stable Labour Governments that, with the exception of during World War II, would last until the coalition cabinet Lyng in 1963.[2]

Nygaardsvold's Cabinet. From left: Minister of Finance Adolf Indrebø, Minister of Defence Fredrik Monsen, Minister of Foreign Affairs Halvdan Koht, Prime Minister Johan Nygaardsvold, Minister of Agriculture Hans Ystgaard, Minister of Trade Alfred Madsen, Minister of Social Affairs Kornelius Bergsvik, Minister of Education Nils Hjelmtveit and Minister of Justice Trygve Lie

Since the cabinet Hornsrud intermezzo in the winter of 1928, a one-month Labour Government, the Labour Party had changed from revolutionary communism to social democracy. The main reason for the change of course was the realization that Government power could be used for reforms that could lessen the impact of the economic crisis. In the 1933 election the party used the slogans "Work for everyone" and "Country and city, hand in hand". The last time the party portrayed itself as revolutionary was the 1930 election.

The Labour Party advanced in the 1933 election, but did not get a majority. Instead they made a compromise with the Farmer Party, allowing the cabinet Nygaardsvold to enter the Council of State. The party did not get majority in the 1936 election either, and continued to govern thanks to fluctuating support from various opposition parties.

The night before 9 April 1940, the Norwegian Government was, like most other authorities in the country, surprised by the German Operation Weserübung. It chose resistance, though in a rather fumbling and unclear way, especially initially. The Government left Norway on 7 June 1940 after the capitulation and established itself in London the same day, along with King Haakon VII and Crown Prince Olav.[2]

Back in Norway, over the course of the war, four cabinets were instated by Vidkun Quisling and Josef Terboven, as the de facto Governments of Norway. The Government-in-exile is sometimes referred to as the London Cabinet. It returned to Norway on 31 May 1945 aboard the UK troop ship RMS Andes.[3] On 12 June, Nygaardsvold announced his resignation, and on 25 June, the pan-political first cabinet Gerhardsen took over.

Below are the four de facto Governments in Oslo during the war, either sympathising with or actually appointed by German Forces. The Reichskommissar in Oslo was Josef Terboven.

Cabinet Nygaardsvold
Building in London occupied by the Norwegian government-in-exile.
Portfolio Minister Period Party
Prime Minister Johan Nygaardsvold 20 March 1935 – 25 June 1945 Labour
Minister of Agriculture Hans Ystgaard 20 March 1935 – 25 June 1945 Labour
Minister of Church Affairs and Education Nils Hjelmtveit 20 March 1935 – 25 June 1945 Labour
Minister of Defence Christian Fredrik Monsen 20 March 1935 – 15 November 1935 Labour
Adolf Indrebø 15 November 1935 – 20 December 1935 Labour
Oscar Torp 20 December 1935 – 15 August 1936 Labour
Christian Fredrik Monsen 15 August 1936 – 22 December 1939 Labour
Birger Ljungberg 22 December 1939 – 28 November 1942 Labour
Oscar Torp 28 November 1942 – 25 June 1945 Labour
Minister of Finance Adolf Indrebø 20 March 1935 – 13 November 1936 Labour
Kornelius Bergsvik 13 November 1936 – 1 July 1939 Labour
Oscar Torp 1 July 1939 – 28 November 1941 Labour
Paul Hartmann 28 November 1941 – 25 June 1945 Resistance
Minister of Foreign Affairs Halvdan Koht 20 March 1935 – 19 November 1940 Labour
Trygve Lie 19 November 1940 – 25 June 1945 Labour
Minister of Justice Trygve Lie 20 March 1935 – 19 November 1939 Labour
Terje Wold 19 November 1939 – 25 June 1945 Labour
Minister of Labour Johan Nygaardsvold 20 March 1935 – 2 October 1939 Labour
Olav Hindahl 2 October 1939 – 25 June 1945 Labour
Minister of Social Affairs Kornelius Bergsvik 20 March 1935 – 13 November 1936 Labour
Oscar Torp 13 November 1936 – 1 July 1939 Labour
Sverre Støstad 1 July 1939 – 25 June 1945 Labour
Minister of Shipping Arne Sunde 1 October 1942 – 25 June 1945 Liberal
Minister of Supply Trygve Lie 2 October 1939 – 19 November 1940 Labour
Arne Sunde 19 November 1940 – 1 October 1942 Liberal
Anders Rasmus Frihagen 1 October 1942 – 25 June 1945 Labour
Minister of Trade, Shipping,
Industry, Crafts and Fisheries		 Alfred Madsen 20 March 1935 – 1 July 1939 Labour
Trygve Lie 1 July 1939 – 2 October 1939 Labour
Anders Rasmus Frihagen 2 October 1939 – 7 June 1940 Labour
Terje Wold 7 June 1940 – April 1942 Labour
Anders Rasmus Frihagen April 1942 – 1 October 1942 Labour
Olav Hindahl 1 October 1942 – 9 March 1945 Labour
Sven Nielsen 9 March 1945 – 25 June 1945 Conservative
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See also
  • Norwegian Armed Forces in exile

References
  1. "The cabinet of Johan Nygaardsvold" (in Norwegian). NorgesLexi.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-15. Retrieved 2008-08-30.
  2. Friis 1965.
  3. Nicol, Stuart (2001). MacQueen's Legacy; Ships of the Royal Mail Line. Two. Brimscombe Port and Charleston, SC: Tempus Publishing. p. 170. ISBN 0-7524-2119-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Further reading
  • Friis, Erik J (1965). "The Norwegian Government-In-Exile, 1940–45". Scandinavian Studies. Essays Presented to Dr. Henry Goddard Leach on the Occasion of his Eighty-fifth Birthday. pp. 422–444.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Preceded by
Third cabinet Mowinckel		 Norwegian Council of State
1935–1945		 Succeeded by
de facto
Quisling cabinet (1942)
de jure
First cabinet Gerhardsen (1945)
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