Notary

A notary is a person authorised to perform acts in legal affairs, in particular witnessing signatures on documents. The form that the notarial profession takes varies with local legal systems.[1]

A notary at work (painting by German artist Max Volkhart).
Entrance to notary's office in Vigo, Spain.
"Der Notar" ("The Notary"), Copper engraving from 1698 book by Christoph Weigel the Elder

The Worshipful Company of Scriveners use an old English term for a notary, and are an association of notaries practising in central London since 1373.

Overview

Documents are notarized to deter fraud and to ensure they are properly executed. An impartial witness (the notary) identifies signers to screen out impostors and to make sure they have entered into agreements knowingly and willingly. Loan documents including deeds, affidavits, contracts, powers of attorney are very common documents needing notarization.

To "notarize" a document or event is not a term of art, and its definition varies from place to place; but it generally means the performance by a notary of a series of possible steps, which may include the following (not an exhaustive list):

  1. Identifying the person appearing before the notary through personal acquaintance or by reference to significant proofs of identity including passport, driving license, etc.[2]
  2. Where land titles are involved or significant rights may accrue by reference to the identity, signatures may also be verified, recorded and compared.
  3. Recording the proof of identity in the notarial register or protocol.
  4. Satisfying the notary that the person appearing is of full age and capacity to do whatever is intended.
  5. Taking an affidavit or declaration and recording that fact.
  6. Taking detailed instructions for a protest of a bill of exchange or a ship's protest and preparing it.
  7. Recording the signature of the person in the register or protocol.
  8. Taking an acknowledgment (in the United States) of execution of a document and preparing a certificate of acknowledgement.
  9. Preparing a notarial certificate (in most other jurisdictions) as to the execution or other step.
  10. Sealing or stamping and signing the document.
  11. Recording all steps in the register or protocol.
  12. Delivering the completed original to the person appearing.
  13. In some cases, retaining a copy of the document in the register or protocol.
  14. Charging the person appearing a fee for the service.


Common law vs. Civil law notaries

Most common law systems have what is called in the United States a notary public, a public official who notarizes legal documents and who can also administer and take oaths and affirmations, among other tasks.[3] Although notaries public are public officials, they are not paid by the government; they may obtain income by charging fees, provide free services in connection with other employment (for example, bank employees), or provide free services for the public good. In the US (except Puerto Rico), any person – lawyer or otherwise – may be commissioned as a notary.

Most civil law-based systems (including Puerto Rico and Quebec) have the civil law notary, a legal professional performing many more functions than a common-law notary public. They are qualified lawyers who provide many of the same services as common-law attorneys/solicitors (negotiation and drafting of contracts, legal advice, settlement of estates, creation of a company and its status, writing of wills and power of attorney, interpretation of the law, mediation, etc...) except any involvement in disputes to be presented before a court.

In the United States, a signing agent, also known as a loan signing agent, is a notary public who specializes in notarizing mortgage and real estate documents.

Notaries in civil law jurisdictions are specialized in all matters relating to real estate, completing title exams in order to confirm the ownership of the property, the existence of any encumbrances such as easements or mortgages and hypothecs.

Often, in the case of lawyer notaries, the certificate to be provided will not require the person appearing to sign. Examples are: certificates authenticating copies (which are mostly not within the permissible functions of U.S. notaries) and certificates as to law, such as certificates as to the capacity of a company to perform certain acts, or explaining probate law in the place.

Online systems

In the United States, the states of Virginia, Texas, and Nevada have all passed laws allowing for online witness by notaries, using screen sharing or webcam as well as identity verification processes. Virginia was the first state to pass legislation allowing online notarization in 2012. Texas and Nevada passed similar laws in 2017 that went into effect in July, 2018. Some sites and apps include Notarize, DocVerify, NotaryCam, Safedocs, and SIGNiX. Notarize is also the first company to offer fully online mortgage closings, executing the first in August 2017 with United Wholesale Mortgage and Stewart Title. In the United States as of 2017 there are estimated to be over 4 million notaries employed.[4]

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See also

References
  1. "What is a Notary Public?". National Notary Association. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  2. "Basic Notarial Duties". American Society of Notaries. Retrieved 2019-07-16.
  3. Piombino, Alfred E. (2011). Notary Public Handbook: Principles, Practices & Cases, National Edition (First ed.). East Coast Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9445606-9-3.
  4. "Notaries Are Starting To Put Down The Stamp And Pick Up A Webcam". NPR.org. Retrieved 2017-06-12.
  • The dictionary definition of notary at Wiktionary
  • Media related to Notaries at Wikimedia Commons
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