North Dakota's at-large congressional district

North Dakota's at-large congressional district
	Kelly Armstrong; R–Dickinson
Area	68,976 sq mi (178,650 km2)
Distribution	55.8% urban; 44.2% rural;
Population (2019)	762,062[1]
Median income	$61,843[2]
Ethnicity	88.9% white; 5.3% Native American; 2.0% Hispanic; 1.6% other; 1.1% black; 1.1% Asian;
Cook PVI	R+16[3]

North Dakota's at-large congressional district is the sole congressional district for the state of North Dakota. Based on size, it is the eighth largest congressional district in the nation.

The district is currently represented by Kelly Armstrong.

History

The district was first created when North Dakota achieved statehood on November 2, 1889, electing a single member. Following the 1900 Census the state was allocated two seats, both of whom were elected from an at large district. Following the 1910 Census a third seat was gained, with the legislature drawing three separate districts. The third district was eliminated after the 1930 Census. After the third seat was lost, North Dakota returned to electing two members at-large (statewide).

Following the 1960 Census two separate districts were created. In 1970, the second district was eliminated following the 1970 Census and a single at-large district was created. Since 1972, North Dakota has retained a single congressional district.

List of members representing the district

1889–1913: One seat, then two.

From 1889 to 1903, there was one seat, elected at-large statewide. In 1903 a second at-large seat was added, lasting until 1913.

Dates	Cong ress	Member at-large			Member at-large
Dates	Cong ress	Member	Party	Electoral history	Member	Party	Electoral history
March 4, 1889 – November 1, 1889	51st	First member seated on November 2, 1889			Second seat added in 1903.
November 2, 1889 – March 3, 1891	51st	Henry C. Hansbrough	Republican	[data unknown/missing] Lost renomination.
March 4, 1891 – March 3, 1899	52nd 53rd 54th 55th	Martin N. Johnson	Republican	Elected in 1890. Re-elected in 1892. Re-elected in 1894. Re-elected in 1896. Retired to run for U.S. Senator.
March 4, 1899 – March 3, 1901	56th	Burleigh F. Spalding	Republican	Elected in 1898. Retired.
March 4, 1901 – March 3, 1903	57th	Thomas Frank Marshall	Republican	Elected in 1900. Re-elected in 1902. Re-elected in 1904. Re-elected in 1906. Retired to run for U.S. Senator.
March 4, 1903 – March 3, 1905	58th				Burleigh F. Spalding	Republican	Elected in 1902. Lost renomination.
March 4, 1905 – March 3, 1909	59th 60th				Asle Gronna	Republican	Elected in 1904. Re-elected in 1906. Re-elected in 1908. Resigned after elected U.S. Senator.
March 4, 1909 – February 11, 1911	61st	Louis B. Hanna	Republican	Elected in 1908. Re-elected in 1910. Resigned when elected Governor of North Dakota.	Asle Gronna	Republican
February 11, 1911 – March 3, 1911	61st				Vacant
March 4, 1911 – January 7, 1913	62nd				Henry T. Helgesen	Republican	Elected in 1910. Redistricted to the 1st district.
January 7, 1913 – March 3, 1913	62nd	Vacant			Henry T. Helgesen	Republican	Elected in 1910. Redistricted to the 1st district.

1913–1933: Districts only

After the 1910 census, three seats were apportioned among districts: the 1st district, 2nd district, and 3rd district.

1933–1963: Two seats

In 1933, following the 1930 census, the delegation was reduced to two seats and the districts were eliminated in favor of a pair of at-large districts, lasting until 1963.

Dates	Cong ress	Member at-large			Member at-large
Dates	Cong ress	Member	Party	Electoral history	Member	Party	Electoral history
March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1935	73rd	James H. Sinclair	Republican	Redistricted from the 3rd district and re-elected in 1932. Lost renomination.	William Lemke	Non-Partisan League	Elected in 1932. Re-elected in 1934. Re-elected in 1936. Re-elected in 1938. Re-elected in 1940. Re-elected in 1942. Retired to run for U.S. Senator.
January 3, 1935 – January 3, 1941	74th 75th 76th	Usher L. Burdick	Republican	Elected in 1934. Re-elected in 1936. Re-elected in 1938. Retired to run for U.S. Senator.	William Lemke	Non-Partisan League
January 3, 1941 – January 3, 1943	77th				Charles R. Robertson	Republican	Elected in 1940. Lost renomination.
January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1945	78th				William Lemke	Republican	Elected in 1942. Re-elected in 1944. Re-elected in 1946. Re-elected in 1948. Died.
January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1949	79th 80th	Charles R. Robertson	Republican	Elected in 1944. Re-elected in 1946. Lost renomination.
January 3, 1949 – May 30, 1950	81st	Usher L. Burdick	Republican	Elected in 1948. Re-elected in 1950. Re-elected in 1952. Re-elected in 1954. Re-elected in 1956. Retired.
May 31, 1950 – January 3, 1951	81st				Vacant
January 3, 1951 – January 3, 1953	82nd				Fred G. Aandahl	Republican	Elected in 1950. Retired to run for U.S. Senator.
January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1959	83rd 84th 85th				Otto Krueger	Republican	Elected in 1952. Re-elected in 1954. Re-elected in 1956. Retired.
January 3, 1959 – August 8, 1960	86th	Quentin Burdick	Democratic-NPL	Elected in 1958. Resigned when elected U.S. Senator.	Don L. Short	Republican	Elected in 1958. Re-elected in 1960. Redistricted to the 2nd district.
August 9, 1960 – January 3, 1961	86th	Vacant
January 3, 1961 – January 3, 1963	87th	Hjalmar Nygaard	Republican	Elected in 1960. Redistricted to the 1st district.

1963–1973: Districts again

In 1963, following the 1960 census, the delegation was again split between geographic districts, the 1st district and 1st congressional district.

1973–present: One seat

In 1973, following the 1970 census, the delegation was reduced to one seat, represented statewide by an at-large district.

Member	Party	Years	Cong ress	Electoral history
Mark Andrews	Republican	January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1981	93rd 94th 95th 96th	Redistricted from the 1st district and re-elected in 1972. Re-elected in 1974. Re-elected in 1976. Re-elected in 1978. Retired to run for U.S. Senator.
Byron Dorgan	Democratic-NPL	January 3, 1981 – December 14, 1992	97th 98th 99th 100th 101st 102nd	Elected in 1980. Re-elected in 1982. Re-elected in 1984. Re-elected in 1986. Re-elected in 1988. Re-elected in 1990. Retired to run for U.S. Senator, and resigned when appointed U.S. Senator.
Vacant		December 15, 1992 – January 3, 1993	102nd
Earl Pomeroy	Democratic-NPL	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2011	103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th	Elected in 1992. Re-elected in 1994. Re-elected in 1996. Re-elected in 1998. Re-elected in 2000. Re-elected in 2002. Re-elected in 2004. Re-elected in 2006. Re-elected in 2008. Lost re-election.
Rick Berg	Republican	January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2013	112th	Elected in 2010. Retired to run for U.S. Senator.
Kevin Cramer	Republican	January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2019	113th 114th 115th	Elected in 2012. Re-elected in 2014. Re-elected in 2016. Retired to run for U.S. Senator.
Kelly Armstrong	Republican	January 3, 2019 – Present	116th	Elected in 2018.

Recent results from presidential races

Year	Results	Party that won the district
2000	George W. Bush 61% – Al Gore 33%	Republican
2004	George W. Bush 63% – John Kerry 36%	Republican
2008	John McCain 53% – Barack Obama 45%	Republican
2012	Mitt Romney 59% – Barack Obama 39%	Republican
2016	Donald Trump 64% – Hillary Clinton 28%	Republican

Election results

Year (& Congress)	Candidate	Party	Votes	%
October 1, 1889 (51st Congress)	√ Henry C. Hansbrough	Republican	26,077	68.4%
October 1, 1889 (51st Congress)	D.W. Maratta	Democratic	12,066	31.6%
1890 (52nd Congress)	√ Martin N. Johnson	Republican	21,365	59.0%
1890 (52nd Congress)	John D. Benton	Democratic	14,830	41.0%
1892 (53rd Congress)	√ Martin N. Johnson	Republican	17,695	48.9%
	James F. O'Brien	Democratic	11,021	30.5%
	Hans A. Foss	Independent	7,434	20.6%
1894 (54th Congress)	√ Martin N. Johnson	Republican	21,615	55.4%
	Walter Muir	Populist	15,660	40.2%
	Budd Reeve	Independent	1,283	3.3%
	L.S. Ellis	Prohibition	439	1.1%
1896 (55th Congress)	√ Martin N. Johnson	Republican	25,233	54.0%
	John Burke	Fusion	21,172	45.3%
	A.V. Garver	Prohibition	349	0.7%
1898 (56th Congress)	√ Burleigh F. Spalding	Republican	27,766	60.9%
1898 (56th Congress)	H.M. Creel	Fusion	17,844	39.1%
1900 (57th Congress)	√ Thomas F. Marshall	Republican	34,887	61.0%
	M.A. Hildreth	Democratic & Independent	21,175	37.0%
	Charles H. Mott	Prohibition	585	1.0%
	J.C. Charest	Social Democratic	412	0.7%
	Martin S. Blair	People's	122	0.2%
1902 (58th Congress)	√ Thomas F. Marshall	Republican	32,986	67.6%
	√ Burleigh F. Spalding	Republican	32,854	67.6%
	Lars A. Ueland	Democratic	14,765	29.9%
	Verner E. Lovell	Democratic	14,392	29.9%
	Royal F. King	Socialist	1,195	2.5%
1904 (59th Congress)	√ Thomas F. Marshall	Republican	49,111	72.7%
	√ Asle J. Gronna	Republican	47,648	72.7%
	N. P. Rasmussen	Democratic	15,622	23.3%
	A. G. Burr	Democratic	15,398	23.3%
	L. F. Dow	Socialist	1,734	2.6%
	E. D. Herring	Socialist	1,697	2.6%
	B. H. Tibbets	Prohibition	971	1.5%
	N. A. Colby	Prohibition	967%	1.5%
1906 (60th Congress)	√ Thomas F. Marshall	Republican	38,923	62.9%
	√ Asle J. Gronna	Republican	36,772	62.9%
	A. G. Burr	Democratic	21,350	35.2%
	John D. Benton	Democratic	21,050	35.2%
	K. Halvorson	Socialist	1,151	1.9%
	W. J. Bailey	Socialist	1,129	1.9%
1908 (61st Congress)	√ Asle J. Gronna	Republican	57,357	65.7%
	√ Louis B. Hanna	Republican	55,610	65.7%
	T. D. Casey	Democratic	29,426	33.7%
	O. G. Major	Democratic	28,448	33.7%
	Francis Cooper	Independent	591	0.3%
	E. D. Herring	Independent	533	0.3%
1910 (62nd Congress)	√ Louis B. Hanna	Republican	51,556	63.9%
	√ Henry T. Helgesen	Republican	50,600	63.9%
	Tobias D. Casey	Democratic	25,880	32.0%
	M. A. Hildreth	Democratic	25,322	32.0%
	Arthur Hagendorf	Socialist	3,225	4.0%
	N. H. Bjornstad	Socialist	3,179	4.0%
1912–1930	Districts used
Year (& Congress)	Candidate	Party	Votes	%
1932 (73rd Congress)	√ James H. Sinclair	Republican	144,339	65.7%
	√ William Lemke	Republican	135,339	65.7%
	William D. Lynch	Democratic	72,659	33.9%
	R. B. Murphy	Democratic	71,695	33.9%
	Pat J. Barrett	Independent	690	0.3%
	Ella Reeve Bloor	Independent	678%	0.3%
1934 (74th Congress)	√ William Lemke	Republican	144,605	49.9%
	√ Usher L. Burdick	Republican	114,841	49.9%
	William D. Lynch	Democratic	85,771	31.8%
	G. F. Lamb	Democratic	79,338	31.8%
	James H. Sinclair	PROG N-PART R	46,304	17.8%
	Jasper Haaland	Communist-W-FG	1,299	0.5%
	Effie Kjorstad	Communist-W-FG	1,090	0.5%
1936 (75th Congress)	√ William Lemke	Republican	131,117	54.1%
	√ Usher L. Burdick	Republican	115,913	54.1%
	Henry Holt	Democratic	100,609	41.7%
	J.J. Nygaard	Democratic	89,722	41.7%
	I.J. Moe	Independent	3,310	1.4%
	P.H. Miller	Independent	3,273	1.4%
	E.A. Johannson	Independent	2,697	1.2%
	Jasper Haaland	Communist	540	0.2%
	W.D. Webster	Communist	461	0.2%
1938 (76th Congress)	√ William Lemke	Republican	153,106	72.3%
	√ Usher L. Burdick	Republican	149,047	72.3%
	Howard I. Henry	Democratic	55,125	23.9%
	Alfred S. Dale	Democratic	44,691	23.9%
	J.B. Field	Independent	8,109	3.9%
1940 (77th Congress)	√ Usher L. Burdick	Republican	148,227	60.3%
	√ Charles R. Robertson	Republican	111,125	60.3%
	R.J. Downey	Democratic	63,662	29.4%
	Adolph Michelson	Democratic	63,027	29.4%
	Thomas Hall	Independent	23,399	10.3%
	John Omland	Independent	20,845	10.3%
1942 (78th Congress)	√ Usher L. Burdick	Republican	85,936	46.3%
	√ William Lemke	Republican	65,905	46.3%
	Charles R. Robertson	Independent	48,472	29.5%
	Halvor L. Halvorson	Democratic	47,972	24.2%
	E.A. Johansson	Democratic	31,547	24.2%
1944 (79th Congress)	√ William Lemke	Republican	101,007	50.7%
	√ Charles R. Robertson	Republican	91,425	50.7%
	Halvor L. Halvorson	Democratic	56,699	26.9%
	J.R. Kennedy	Democratic	45,308	26.9%
	Usher L. Burdick	Independent R	39,888	21.0%
	George McClellan	Independent R	3,135	1.4%
	A.C. Townley	Independent R	2,307	1.4%
1946 (80th Congress)	√ William Lemke	Republican	103,205	74.3%
	√ Charles R. Robertson	Republican	102,087	74.3%
	James M. Hanley	Democratic	41,189	25.7%
	Edwin Cooper	Democratic	29,865	25.7%
1948 (81st Congress)	√ William Lemke	Republican	132,343	69.0%
	√ Usher L. Burdick	Republican	128,454	69.0%
	Alfred Dale	Democratic	56,702	30.0%
	John M. Weiler	Progressive	1,758	0.9%
1950 (82nd Congress)	√ Fred G. Aandahl	Republican	119,047	70.7%
	√ Usher L. Burdick	Republican	110,534	70.7%
	Ervin Schumacher	Democratic	62,322	29.3%
	E.A. Johansson	Democratic	32,946	29.3%
1952 (83rd Congress)	√ Usher L. Burdick	Republican	181,218	77.2%
	√ Otto Krueger	Republican	156,829	77.2%
	Edward Nesemeier	Democratic	49,829	22.8%
	Scattered votes		49	0.0%
1954 (84th Congress)	√ Usher L. Burdick	Republican	124,845	67.1%
	√ Otto Krueger	Republican	106,341	67.1%
	P.W. Lanier	Democratic	64,089	32.9%
	Raymond G. Vendsel	Democratic	49,183	32.9%
1956 (85th Congress)	√ Usher L. Burdick	Republican	143,514	62.3%
	√ Otto Krueger	Republican	136,003	62.3%
	Agnes Geelan	Democratic	85,743	37.7%
	S.B. Hocking	Democratic	83,284	37.7%
1958 (86th Congress)	√ Quentin Burdick	Democratic	99,562	48.4%
	√ Don L. Short	Republican	97,862	51.6%
	Orris G. Nordhougen	Republican	92,124	51.6%
	S.B. Hocking	Democratic	78,889
1960 (87th Congress)	√ Don L. Short	Republican	135,579	53.3%
	√ Hjalmar C. Nygaard	Republican	127,118	53.3%
	Raymond Vendsel	Democratic	120,773	46.7%
	Anson J. Anderson	Democratic	109,207	46.7%
1962–1970	Districts used
Year (& Congress)	Candidate	Party	Votes	%
1972 (93rd Congress)	√ Mark Andrews	Republican	195,360	72.7%
	Richard Ista	Democratic	72,850	27.1%
	Kenneth C. Gardener Sr.	Independent	511	0.2%
1974 (94th Congress)	√ Mark Andrews	Republican	130,184	55.7%
1974 (94th Congress)	Byron Dorgan	Democratic	103,504	44.3%
1976 (95th Congress)	√ Mark Andrews	Republican	181,018	62.4%
	Lloyd B. Omdahl	Democratic	104,263	36.0%
	Russell Kleppe	American	4,600	1.6%
1978 (96th Congress)	√ Mark Andrews	Republican	147,712	67.0%
	Bruce F. Hagen	Democratic	68,016	30.9%
	Harley J. McLain	Independent	3,197	1.5%
	Don J. Klingensmith	Prohibition	1,389	0.6%
1980 (97th Congress)	√ Byron L. Dorgan	Democratic	166,437	56.8%
	Jim Smykowski	Republican	124,707	42.6%
	John Lengenfelder	Independent[4]	1,004	0.3%
	Torfin A. Teigen	Independent	928	0.3%
1982 (98th Congress)	√ Byron L. Dorgan	Democratic	186,534	71.6%
	Kent Jones	Republican	72,241	27.7%
	Don J. Klingensmith	Prohibition	1,724	0.7%
1984 (99th Congress)	√ Byron L. Dorgan	Democratic	242,968	78.7%
1984 (99th Congress)	Lois Ivers Altenburg	Republican	65,761	21.3%
1986 (100th Congress)	√ Byron L. Dorgan	Democratic	216,258	75.5%
	Syver Vinje	Republican	66,989	23.4%
	Gerald W. Kopp	Independent	3,114	1.1%
1988 (101st Congress)	√ Byron L. Dorgan	Democratic	212,583	70.9%
	Steve Sydness	Republican	84,475	28.2%
	Kris Brekke	Libertarian	2,924	1.0%
1990 (102nd Congress)	√ Byron L. Dorgan	Democratic	152,530	65.2%
	Ed Schafer	Republican	81,443	34.8%
	Other		6	0.0%
1992 (103rd Congress)	√ Earl Pomeroy	Democratic	169,273	56.8%
	John T. Korsmo	Republican	117,442	39.4%
	Other		11,183	3.8%
1994 (104th Congress)	√ Earl Pomeroy	Democratic	123,134	52.3%
	Gary Porter	Republican	105,988	45.0%
	James Germalic	Independent	6,267	2.7%
1996 (105th Congress)	√ Earl Pomeroy	Democratic	144,833	55.1%
	Kevin Cramer	Republican	113,684	43.2%
	Kenneth R. Loughead	Independent	4,493	1.7%
1998 (106th Congress)	√ Earl Pomeroy	Democratic	119,668	56.2%
	Kevin Cramer	Republican	87,511	41.1%
	Kenneth R. Loughead	Independent	5,709	2.7%
2000 (107th Congress)	√ Earl Pomeroy	Democratic	151,173	52.9%
	John Dorso	Republican	127,251	44.5%
	Jan Shelver	Independent	4,731	1.7%
	Kenneth R. Loughead	Independent	2,481	0.9%
	Write-in		22	0.0%
2002 (108th Congress)	√ Earl Pomeroy	Democratic	121,073	52.4%
2002 (108th Congress)	Rick Clayburgh	Republican	109,957	47.6%
2004 (109th Congress)	√ Earl Pomeroy	Democratic	185,130	59.6%
2004 (109th Congress)	Duane Sand	Republican	125,684	40.4%
2006 (110th Congress)	√ Earl Pomeroy	Democratic	142,934	65.7%
2006 (110th Congress)	Matt Mechtel	Republican	74,687	34.3%
2008 (111th Congress)	√ Earl Pomeroy	Democratic	194,175	62.1%
2008 (111th Congress)	Duane Sand	Republican	118,519	37.9%
2010 (112th Congress)	√ Rick Berg	Republican	129,802	54.7%
	Earl Pomeroy	Democratic	106,542	44.9%
	Write-in		793	0.4%
2012 (113th Congress)	√ Kevin Cramer	Republican	172,905	55.0%
	Pam Gulleson	Democratic	131,396	41.8%
	Eric Olson	Libertarian	10,125	3.2%
2014 (114th Congress)	√ Kevin Cramer	Republican	138,100	55.5%
	George B. Sinner	Democratic	95,678	38.5%
	Robert J. "Jack" Seaman	Libertarian	14,531	5.8%
2016 (115th Congress)	√ Kevin Cramer	Republican	233,980	69.1%
	Chase Iron Eyes	Democratic	80,377	23.8%
	Robert J. "Jack" Seaman	Libertarian	23,528	7%
Year (& Congress)	Candidate	Party	Votes	%

2006

North Dakota's at-large congressional district election, 2006
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Democratic-NPL	Earl Pomeroy (Incumbent)	142,934	65.68%	+6.11%
	Republican	Matt Mechtel	74,687	34.32%	−6.11%
	Democratic-NPL hold		Swing
Turnout			217,621

2008

North Dakota's at-large congressional district election, 2008
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Democratic-NPL	Earl Pomeroy (Incumbent)	194,577	61.97%	-3.71%
	Republican	Duane Sand	119,388	38.03%	+3.71%
	Democratic-NPL hold		Swing
Turnout			313,965

2010

North Dakota's at-large congressional district election, 2010
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Republican	Rick Berg	129,802	54.74%	+16.71%
	Democratic-NPL	Earl Pomeroy (Incumbent)	106,542	44.93%	−17.04%
	Independent	Write-In Votes	793	0.33%
	Republican gain from Democratic-NPL		Swing
Turnout			237,137

2012

North Dakota's at-large congressional district election, 2012
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Republican	Kevin Cramer	173,585	54.89%	+0.15%
	Democratic-NPL	Pam Gulleson	131,870	41.70%	−3.23%
	Libertarian	Eric Olson	10,261	3.24%	+3.24%
	Independent	Write-In Votes	508	0.16%
	Republican hold		Swing
Turnout			316,224

2014

North Dakota's at-large congressional district election, 2014
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Republican	Kevin Cramer (Incumbent)	138,100	55.54%	+0.65%
	Democratic-NPL	George B. Sinner	95,678	38.48%	−3.22%
	Libertarian	Robert J. "Jack" Seaman	14,531	5.84%	+2.6%
	Independent	Write-In Votes	361	0.15%
	Republican hold		Swing
Turnout			248,670

2016

North Dakota's at-large congressional district election, 2016
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Republican	Kevin Cramer (Incumbent)	233,980	69.13%	+13.59%
	Democratic-NPL	Chase Iron Eyes	80,377	23.75%	−14.73%
	Libertarian	Robert J. "Jack" Seaman	23,528	6.95%	+1.11%
	Independent	Write-In Votes	574	0.17%
	Republican hold		Swing
Turnout			338,459

2018

North Dakota's at-large congressional district election, 2018[5]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Republican	Kelly Armstrong	193,568	60.20%	-8.93%
	Democratic-NPL	Mac Schneider	114,377	35.57%	+11.82%
	Independent	Charles Tuttle	13,066	4.06%
	n/a	Write-ins	521	0.16%
Total votes			'*321,532'*	'*100.0%'*
	Republican hold

gollark: I unprefer them. This is mostly due to their "push model".

gollark: And a control panel.

gollark: At some point I may need to build an actual good task scheduler into this thing.

gollark: The RSAPI grows ever more powerful. RSS to Discord bridging *is* extant.

gollark: Well, I don't know, but I'm not going to switch to (ugh) *email subscriptions*.

References

https://www.census.gov/mycd/?st=38
https://www.census.gov/mycd/?st=38
"Partisan Voting Index – Districts of the 115th Congress" (PDF). The Cook Political Report. April 7, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
John Lengenfelder described himself as "Academic Christian Freedom, Prolife-Family" when filing for election.
Johnson, Cheryl L. (February 28, 2019). "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 6, 2018". Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved April 27, 2019.

Election statistics compiled by the Clerk to the House of Representatives; Michael J. Dubin, "United States Congressional Elections 1788-1997" (McFarland, 1998).
Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present

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[1] ttps://www.census.gov/mycd/?st=38

[2] ttps://www.census.gov/mycd/?st=38

[Cook-3] "Partisan Voting Index – Districts of the 115th Congress" (PDF). The Cook Political Report. April 7, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2017.

[4] John Lengenfelder described himself as "Academic Christian Freedom, Prolife-Family" when filing for election.

[clerk2018-5] Johnson, Cheryl L. (February 28, 2019). "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 6, 2018". Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved April 27, 2019.