Noncommutative topology

In mathematics, noncommutative topology is a term used for the relationship between topological and C*-algebraic concepts. The term has its origins in the Gelfand–Naimark theorem, which implies the duality of the category of locally compact Hausdorff spaces and the category of commutative C*-algebras. Noncommutative topology is related to analytic noncommutative geometry.

Examples

The premise behind noncommutative topology is that a noncommutative C*-algebra can be treated like the algebra of complex-valued continuous functions on a 'noncommutative space' which does not exist classically. Several topological properties can be formulated as properties for the C*-algebras without making reference to commutativity or the underlying space, and so have an immediate generalization. Among these are:

compactness (unital)
σ-compactness (σ-unital)
dimension (real or stable rank)
connectedness (projectionless)
extremally disconnected spaces (AW*-algebras)

Individual elements of a commutative C*-algebra correspond with continuous functions. And so certain types of functions can correspond to certain properties of a C*-algebra. For example, self-adjoint elements of a commutative C*-algebra correspond to real-valued continuous functions. Also, projections (i.e. self-adjoint idempotents) correspond to indicator functions of clopen sets.

Categorical constructions lead to some examples. For example, the coproduct of spaces is the disjoint union and thus corresponds to the direct sum of algebras, which is the product of C*-algebras. Similarly, product topology corresponds to the coproduct of C*-algebras, the tensor product of algebras. In a more specialized setting, compactifications of topologies correspond to unitizations of algebras. So the one-point compactification corresponds to the minimal unitization of C*-algebras, the Stone–Čech compactification corresponds to the multiplier algebra, and corona sets corresponds with corona algebras.

There are certain examples of properties where multiple generalizations are possible and it is not clear which is preferable. For example, probability measures can correspond either to states or tracial states. Since all states are vacuously tracial states in the commutative case, it is not clear whether the tracial condition is necessary to be a useful generalization.

K-theory

One of the major examples of this idea is the generalization of topological K-theory to noncommutative C*-algebras in the form of operator K-theory.

A further development in this is a bivariant version of K-theory called KK-theory, which has a composition product

$KK(A,B)\times KK(B,C)\rightarrow KK(A,C)$

of which the ring structure in ordinary K-theory is a special case. The product gives the structure of a category to KK. It has been related to correspondences of algebraic varieties.[1]

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References

Connes, Alain; Consani, Caterina; Marcolli, Matilde (2007), "Noncommutative geometry and motives: the thermodynamics of endomotives", Advances in Mathematics, 214 (2): 761–831, arXiv:math.QA/0512138, doi:10.1016/j.aim.2007.03.006, MR 2349719

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[1] Connes, Alain; Consani, Caterina; Marcolli, Matilde (2007), "Noncommutative geometry and motives: the thermodynamics of endomotives", Advances in Mathematics, 214 (2): 761–831, arXiv:math.QA/0512138, doi:10.1016/j.aim.2007.03.006, MR 2349719

Functional analysis (topics, glossary)
Spaces	Hilbert space, Banach space, Fréchet space, topological vector space
Theorems	Hahn–Banach theorem, closed graph theorem, uniform boundedness principle, Kakutani fixed-point theorem, Krein–Milman theorem, min-max theorem, Gelfand–Naimark theorem, Banach–Alaoglu theorem
Operators	bounded operator, compact operator, adjoint operator, unitary operator, Hilbert–Schmidt operator, trace class, unbounded operator
Algebras	Banach algebra, C-algebra, spectrum of a C-algebra, operator algebra, group algebra of a locally compact group, von Neumann algebra
Open problems	invariant subspace problem, Mahler's conjecture
Applications	Besov space, Hardy space, spectral theory of ordinary differential equations, heat kernel, index theorem, calculus of variation, functional calculus, integral operator, Jones polynomial, topological quantum field theory, noncommutative geometry, Riemann hypothesis
Advanced topics	locally convex space, approximation property, balanced set, Schwartz space, weak topology, barrelled space, Banach–Mazur distance, Tomita–Takesaki theory

Spectral theory and ^*-algebras
Basic concepts	Involution/-algebra Banach algebra B-algebra C-algebra Noncommutative topology Projection-valued measure Spectrum Spectrum of a C-algebra Spectral radius Operator space
Main results	Gelfand–Mazur theorem Gelfand–Naimark theorem Gelfand representation Polar decomposition Singular value decomposition Spectral theorem Spectral theory of normal C*-algebras
Special Elements/Operators	Isospectral Normal operator Hermitian/Self-adjoint operator Unitary operator Unit
Spectrum	Krein–Rutman theorem Normal eigenvalue Spectrum of a C*-algebra Spectral radius Spectral asymmetry Spectral gap
Decomposition of a spectrum	(Continuous Point Residual) Approximate point Compression Discrete Spectral abscissa
Spectral Theorem	Borel functional calculus Min-max theorem Projection-valued measure Riesz projector Rigged Hilbert space Spectral theorem Spectral theory of compact operators Spectral theory of normal C*-algebras
Special algebras	Amenable Banach algebra With an Approximate identity Banach function algebra Disk algebra Uniform algebra
Finite-Dimensional	Alon–Boppana bound Bauer–Fike theorem Numerical range Schur–Horn theorem
Generalizations	Dirac spectrum Essential spectrum Pseudospectrum Structure space (Shilov boundary)
Miscellaneous	Abstract index group Banach algebra cohomology Cohen–Hewitt factorization theorem Extensions of symmetric operators Limiting absorption principle Unbounded operator
Examples	Wiener algebra
Applications	Almost Mathieu operator Corona theorem Hearing the shape of a drum (Dirichlet eigenvalue) Heat kernel Kuznetsov trace formula Lax pair Proto-value function Ramanujan graph Rayleigh–Faber–Krahn inequality Spectral geometry Spectral method Spectral theory of ordinary differential equations Sturm–Liouville theory Superstrong approximation Transfer operator Transform theory Weyl law