New Flyer Invero

The New Flyer Invero (D40i) was a line of low-floor transit buses available in 40' rigid lengths manufactured by New Flyer Industries between 1999 and 2007. The Invero was typically sold with a conventional diesel combustion engine, although a few diesel-electric hybrids were built, integrated by Stewart & Stevenson. New Flyer introduced the Invero in 1999 with the intent that it would replace the preceding New Flyer Low Floor line, but few Inveros were sold, and the line was discontinued in 2007; in 2008, New Flyer introduced the Xcelsior, replacing both the Low Floor and the Invero lines.

New Flyer Invero
Two Community Transit New Flyer D40i Inveros in downtown Seattle
Overview
ManufacturerNew Flyer
Production2002–2007
Body and chassis
ClassTransit bus
Powertrain
EngineCummins ISL[1]
TransmissionAllison B400 R[1]
Dimensions
Wheelbase285 in (7.24 m)[1]
Lengthover bumpers: 41.25 ft (12.6 m)[1]
Width102 in (2.59 m)[1]
Height118.7 in (3.01 m) (diesel, over A/C)[1]
Curb weight27,600 lb (12,500 kg)[1]
Chronology
PredecessorNew Flyer Low Floor
SuccessorNew Flyer Xcelsior

Design
New Flyer Invero model codes
Motive powerNominal LengthModel
DDiesel 4040 ft iInvero
DEDiesel-electric hybrid
6060 ft
F or HHydrogen fuel cell

For example, a New Flyer D40i is a 40' (nominal) rigid Invero with diesel power. New Flyer never officially produced any diesel-electric hybrid Inveros, nor did they produce any articulated Inveros.

OC Transpo #4285 in profile, showing the "Beluga" elevated front roofline

Work on what would become the Invero started in 1997.[2] A prototype Invero was first shown at the October 1999 APTA trade show in Orlando, Florida. Apart from the more streamlined exterior, other improvements over the existing Low Floor models included larger windows, improved heating, more seats, easier maintenance, and the use of composite materials to reduce weight. The driver's windshield has been shaped to reduce glare.[3] The air conditioning unit has been moved to the front roof of the bus to allow for additional passenger seats in the rear of the bus.[4] The resulting elevated front roofline has led some operators to affectionately dub the Inveros the "Beluga" bus, after the Beluga whale.[5][6]

Financial difficulties delayed the development of the production Invero. New Flyer essentially was unable to sell buses for 18 months until late 2002 while the company was undergoing cash flow issues.[7] New Flyer had a contract to provide 10 Inveros for evaluation to the city of Winnipeg in 2000 as part of a larger contract for 82 replacement buses; the 10 Inveros would be delivered as part of the initial batch of 30 buses and would undergo a long-term test to determine if the remaining 52 should be ordered as Inveros, to be delivered in 2001 and 2002. However, the evaluation Inveros would not have been ready before late summer 2002, and Winnipeg negotiated a settlement to receive conventional D40LF models instead.[8]

Hybrids
New Flyer/S&S/GM Hybrid DE40i, RFTA #602

In 2003, New Flyer publicized the sales win for a planned articulated bus hybrid Invero variant, designated DE60i, by displaying the image on its home page.[9] The hybrid Invero variant was scheduled to enter service in August 2006.[10] Four Inveros were converted to diesel-electric hybrid propulsion by Stewart & Stevenson for the Roaring Fork Transportation Authority and delivered in November 2005; New Flyer was unwilling to perform the engineering required to integrate the hybrid drivetrain (manufactured by GM Allison) for the small order. The cost of each hybrid bus was US$585,000 (equivalent to $766,000 in 2019), compared to US$350,000 (equivalent to $458,000 in 2019) for the conventional D40i.[6][11]

Fuel cell

A hydrogen fuel cell Invero was demonstrated in Winnipeg during the summer of 2006. The fuel cell Invero was integrated by Hydrogenics using their HyPM 65 fuel cell power modules; in-wheel electric motors from Siemens, installed by ISE Incorporated; ultra-capacitors from Maxwell Technologies; and roof-mounted hydrogen storage tanks from Dynetek Industries of Calgary. The system had a continuous rated output of 180 kW (240 hp) with a peak output of 350 kW (470 hp) and a range of approximately 6 to 8 hours. Refueling for the demonstration was performed at Red River College.[12] Development of the fuel cell Invero had started in late 2002, and was largely supported by Natural Resources Canada, which contributed CA$3,000,000 (equivalent to $3,740,000 in 2018) for the project.[13]

Deployment

The first New Flyer Invero D40i was completed at the St. Cloud plant on May 7, 2002, and was the first of six ordered for the St. Catharines Transit Authority.[2] The Invero also entered revenue service for Burlington Transit by 2003.[14] The first United States transit agency to order the Invero was Community Transit, serving Snohomish County, Washington, near Seattle; the first Community Transit bus rolled off the line at St. Cloud on January 11, 2005.[15] OC Transpo in Ottawa was the only major win for the Invero.[2][14]

In 2003, the Lane Transit District serving Eugene, Oregon announced plans to implement a bus rapid transit system using six DE60i 60' articulated Inveros (then designated DE60iLF-BRT, emphasizing the low-floor design and bus rapid transit intentions), to be delivered in August 2006.[16] However, in July 2004, Lane announced they would be acquiring the Low Floor-based DE60LF-BRT (later designated DE60LFA) articulated buses instead.[17]

In 2018, the OC Transpo Inveros had reached the end of their lifecycle, and were being replaced by Nova Bus LFS.[18]

Competition
gollark: This is of course part of the monad, similarly to how a group is strictly some set and an operation on it.
gollark: Anyway, the burrito is kind of like a spacesuit containing apples, with a box which converts them to oranges.
gollark: Monad tutorials.
gollark: Meaning the burritos have to be eaten soon, or they go cold.
gollark: Strictly speaking, it's a *strict* state burrito.

References
  1. "D40i: Diesel 40' Invero™" (PDF). New Flyer Industries. September 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 13, 2004. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
  2. "What's New". New Flyer. 2002. Archived from the original on October 13, 2002. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
  3. "What's New". New Flyer. 1999. Archived from the original on November 27, 1999. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
  4. "Taking Technology to New Heights". Thermo King. Fall 2001. Archived from the original on August 24, 2004. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
  5. "Newsletter: Convention Report, Seattle in the spring" (PDF). Motor Bus Society. Summer 2014. Most CT service was provided by New Flyer D40LF's and D40LFR's, but the group was pleasantly surprised to see a New Flyer Invero enter the Center. The driver was very hositable upon layover and advised us that the Invero's are affectionately often referred to as beluga buses (yes, like the whale).
  6. Urquhart, Janet (November 21, 2005). "RFTA bus supplier shutting down". Post Independent Citizen Telegram. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
  7. Cash, Martin (September 16, 2002). "New Flyer CEO eyes rebound for bus maker". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
  8. Report of the Standing Policy Committee on Public Works dated June 25, 2002 (Report). City of Winnipeg. June 25, 2002. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
  9. "Home Page". New Flyer Industries. 2003. Archived from the original on December 19, 2003. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
  10. Barnitt, Robb; Eudy, Leslie (August 2005). Overview of Advanced Technology Transportation, 2005 Update (PDF) (Report). National Renewable Energy Laboratory. p. 9. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
  11. Condon, Scott (October 27, 2005). "RFTA's hybrid bus trial to rev up in November". The Aspen Times. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
  12. "Hybrid Fuel Cell Bus Demonstration: Advanced Technology Moves Bus Forward" (PDF). Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
  13. Behling, Noriko Hikosaka (2013). "7: History of proton exchange membrane fuel cells and direct methanol fuel cells". Fuel Cells: Current Technology Challenges and Future Research Needs. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 456. ISBN 978-0-444-56325-5. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
  14. "What's New". New Flyer. 2003. Archived from the original on December 4, 2003. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
  15. Campbell, Joey (February 1, 2005). "New Flyer delivers first Invero bus to the U.S. transit market". Metro Magazine. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
  16. "New Flyer's Invero Offers State-of-the-Art BRT System" (Press release). PR Newswire. September 5, 2003. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
  17. "What's New". New Flyer. 2004. Archived from the original on October 12, 2004. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
  18. Willing, Jon (August 1, 2018). "OC Transpo not pursuing new green bus technology as hybrid program runs out of gas". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
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