Woodland jumping mouse

The woodland jumping mouse (Napaeozapus insignis) is a species of jumping mouse found in North America. Its Latin name means glen or wooded dell + big or strong feet + a distinguishing mark. This mammal can jump up to 3 m (9.8 ft) using its extremely strong feet and long tail.

Woodland jumping mouse
Temporal range: Middle Pleistocene to Recent

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Dipodidae
Subfamily: Zapodinae
Genus: Napaeozapus
Preble, 1899
Species:
N. insignis
Binomial name
Napaeozapus insignis
(Miller, 1891)

Taxonomy

Representatives of the family Dipodidae are found in the northern regions of the Old and New Worlds, and are characterized by very large infraorbital foramen, and, in one of the two North American genera, Zapus, by four upper cheek teeth. Incisors are compressed and deeply grooved. These animals are common and noted for very long tails and long hind legs adapted for leaping. They live in forests, meadows, and swamps and are profound hibernators.[2]

The woodland jumping mouse was originally classified as Zapus insignis in 1891, but differences detected in dental morphology, ear ossicles, and the baculum resulted in the creation of two new genera, Napaeozapus and Euzapus.[3] At present (2010), N. insignis is in the family Dipodidae but some systematists place woodland jumping mice in their own family, Zapodidae. Dipodidae is divided into seven subfamilies with jumping mice in the subfamily, Zapodinae.[2][3]

Subspecies

Five subspecies of woodland jumping mice were identified by Whitaker in 1972:[3]

Distribution and habitat

The woodland jumping mouse occurs throughout northeastern North America from central Manitoba to northern Quebec and south through the Appalachians to northern Georgia.[4]

Populations are most dense in cool, moist boreal woodlands of spruce-fir and hemlock-hardwoods where streams flow from woods to meadows with bankside touch-me-nots (Impatiens) and in situations where meadow and forest intermix and water and thick ground cover are available.[4]

Description
Specimen in Sturgeon River Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada displaying white-tipped tail
Woodland jumping mouse killed by cat in Sheffield, Vermont, with ruler for scale

The woodland jumping mouse is a medium-sized rodent and is similar to the Zapus mice but differs in having a white tail tip, brighter colors, and the lack of a small premolar in the upper jaw. Its sides are yellowish or reddish-brown peppered with black hairs. Dark-tipped hairs are intermixed with the dark brown dorsal band running from nose to tail. The underparts and feet are white. The species is darker in the south.[3][4] The mouse has precise thermoregulation when active, deep seasonal hibernation, a high lower critical temperature, and a poor ability to tolerate high ambient temperatures which are likely adaptations to living in the cold.[3]

The small, high-crowned skull displays large, oval infraorbital foramina, small auditory bullae, a short and broad palate, and narrow zygomatic arches. Three molariform teeth are present, premolars are absent, and grooved incisors are orange or yellow. Molars are rooted and semi-hypsodont. The tail is dark brown above and creamy white below with a white tip, and is sparsely haired, thin, tapered, and scaly. It is approximately 60% of total body length. Tail length is made possible by increased number and length of tail vertebrae.[3] Long hind legs with elongated ankle bones and long toe bones make it possible for the mouse to leap and jump.[3]

Measurements[3]
Length (nose to tail tip) 205–256 mm (8.1–10.1 in)
Tail 115–160 mm (4.5–6.3 in)
Weight 17–35 g (0.60–1.23 oz)
Basal metabolic rate 1.80 cm^3 oxygen/hour (average)
Measurements of 40 Adults from New York[4]
Length 227 mm (8.9 in) 210–249 mm (8.3–9.8 in)
Tail 129.5 mm (5.10 in) 126–152 mm (5.0–6.0 in)
Hind foot 30.2 mm (1.19 in) 28–44 mm (1.1–1.7 in)
Weight May–June: 20 g (0.71 oz)
Sept.–Oct., just prior to hibernation: 26.5 g (0.93 oz)
Measurements of 8 Adults from the Smoky Mountains[4]
Length 223 mm (8.8 in) 185–233 mm (7.3–9.2 in)
Tail 140 mm (5.5 in) 120–148 mm (4.7–5.8 in)
Hind foot 29.7 mm (1.17 in) 29–30 mm (1.1–1.2 in)
diploid number, Tooth Formula,[4] and Mammae[3]
Diploid number 72
Tooth formula 1.0.0.31.0.0.3 = 16
Mammae 1 pair pectoral; 2 pair abdominal; 1 pair inguinal
Metabolism[5]
Typical body temperature 310ºK (37.0 °C or 98.6 °F)
Basal metabolic rate 0.2200 W (0.0002950 hp)
Body mass 21.8 g (0.77 oz)
Metabolic rate per body mass 0.010092W/g

Behavior

Communication and perception

Captive mice are tolerant of others and display little aggression. They are normally silent, but the young squeak and make suckling sounds shortly after birth, and adults make soft clucking sounds while sleeping and just before hibernation. Tactile communication probably exists between mates and between mothers and their young. Like other small rodents, odors and chemical signals are probably emitted or exchanged that identify individuals, that distinguish the sexes, and that indicate the receptiveness of an individual to sexual congress.[3]

Diet

Diet varies with geographic location and season.[1] One hundred three mice taken in central New York had stomach contents containing the fungi of the genus Endogone and related genera. Endogone is so small the mice presumably locate it by olfaction. Fungi represent about a third of the New York diet, seeds 25%, lepidoptrous larvae and various fruits about 10%, and beetles about 7.5%. Touch-me-not seeds are found in the diet.[6] Food is not consumed during hibernation and mice having insufficient fat reserves do not survive.[1]

Seasonal activities

Summertime is the peak activity period of the woodland jumping mouse. During this time, the mating season begins; mice that re-emerged from hibernation eat lots of food to restore body weight and fat. Some mice start to hibernate as early as September, but most wait until late November. The mice gather food and fat for more than 2 weeks before they plan to hibernate. During hibernation, body temperatures usually drop from 37 to 2 °C (99 to 36 °F). Even during their hibernation, they wake up about every 2 weeks to urinate or eat from their food stashes. Only about 1/3 of all mice that enter hibernation survive; the rest either die from hypothermia or are eaten by predators. Some mice do not enter hibernation, but move to nearby peoples' houses to live inside the walls, in old furniture, or cabinets. They eat scraps or foods that were left over. The mice that do hibernate and survive usually re-emerge around April.

Shelter

The woodland jumping mouse will live in either nests or burrows. The nests are usually found in hollow logs, under roots of trees or under rocks. The burrows can be found almost anywhere, although they are usually by a plant that can cover the entrance. Their nests are made from soft grasses, reeds and leaves. The burrows usually have multiple chambers, each one dug for a different reason. There is usually a room filled with nesting materials such as grass, reeds and leaves, which is used for sleeping or hibernation. Second, most mice have a room where they store and horde food for hibernation. And finally, there is, in most cases and room with some nesting material for mating, and where the juveniles will be nursed.

Little is known about territory size and territorial behavior because observation is difficult in the wild. Males are thought to have home ranges between 0.4–3.6 ha (0.99–8.90 acres) and females between 0.4–2.6 ha (0.99–6.42 acres) with ranges of the sexes overlapping. High numbers of mice are attracted to sudden and temporary food supplies (such as ripened berries) but what appears to be a colony established in the vicinity of the food may only be a temporary camp while the supply lasts. The average population density, in favorable habitat, is 7.5 per ha. Population density estimates range though from 0.64 to 59 per ha.[3]

Reproduction

The mating season occurs in May, with gestation about 29 days. The three to six pink-skinned and hairless young are born in late June or early July. The eyes open about the 26th day, weaning occurs about the 30th day, and by the 34th the young look like adults. Some mice may have a second litter in August.

The mating season for the woodland jumping mouse starts at the beginning of summer (May) and ends at the end of summer (August). Females usually have 2 or more litters a year, each containing 1–12 juveniles. The female nurses the young while the male gets food to feed the young. The young first leave the nest after 16 days, leaving permanently after 34 days or less. About 90% of young are eaten, every 1 out of 10 lives.

Parental care is little understood because observation in the wild is difficult and females in captivity normally commit infanticide shortly after giving birth. Parental care devolves upon the female rather than the male whose role in care of the young is unknown. Mothers and their young share the nest and mothers have been observed covering its entrance during the day. The young have a longer developmental period than most small rodents, and parental care consequently covers a longer period in comparison with other small rodents.[3]

Life history traits (averages)[5]
Female sexual maturity 256 days
Male sexual maturity Unknown
Gestation 29 days
Weaning 36 days
Litter size 4 (viviparous)
Litters per year 1.3
Weight at birth 0.9 g (0.032 oz)
Weight at weaning 8.9 g (0.31 oz)
Sexual dimorphism None;Females larger[3]
Adult weight 25 g (0.88 oz)
Postnatal growth rate 0.0277 days-1
(from Gompertz function)

Survival

Eastern screech owls, timber rattlesnakes, bobcats, broad-banded copperheads, American mink, weasels, and striped skunks are known predators.[6]

A number of mites and some fleas parasitize the mouse but are rarely seen in their adult stage. The mite Glycyphagus newyorkensis in its hypopus stage does not feed on the mouse but simply 'hops a ride', and presumably drops off to reach adulthood in the nest.[7]

The mouse probably has a lifespan of two years but some individuals may live three or four years.[6]

Conservation

The woodland jumping mouse has no special status on the IUCN Red List, United States Federal List, or CITES.[3] No major threats exist at present (2010) but land development reduces suitable habitat for species hibernation, and insufficient layers of insulating snowfall may result in high death rates during the winter. Southern populations are already confined to higher elevations in their range and are threatened by rising temperatures. More research is needed to evaluate and assess current distribution, species abundance, and potential effects of threats. No conservation measures have been undertaken at present to address specific needs of populations in state and national parks. The IUCN has listed the species as Least Concern, because the mouse is common and widespread, populations are considered stable, and no major threats exist at present.[1]

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References
Footnotes
  1. Linzey
  2. Whitaker 268
  3. Harrington
  4. Whitaker 272
  5. Napaeozapus insignis
  6. Whitaker 273
  7. Whitaker 274
Works cited
  • Napaeozapus insignis, Human Ageing Genomic Resources, retrieved 29 January 2010
  • Harrington, E. & P. Myers (2004), Napaeozapus insignis, Animal Diversity Web, retrieved 27 January 2010
  • Linzey, A. V. and G. Hammerson (Assessors) (2008), Napaeozapus insignis, IUCN, retrieved 27 January 2010
  • Whitaker, John O., Jr.; Hamilton, William J., Jr. (1998), Mammals of the Eastern United States (3 ed.), Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, ISBN 0-8014-3475-0CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Further reading
  • Baker, R. (1983), Michigan Mammals, Detroit, Michigan: Michigan State University Press
  • Brower, J. & T. Cade (1966), "Ecology and Physiology of Napaeozapus insignis (Miller) and Other Woodland Mice", Ecology, 47 (1): 46–63, doi:10.2307/1935743, JSTOR 1935743
  • Brown, L. (1970), "Population dynamics of the western jumping mouse (Zapus princeps) during a four-year study", Journal of Mammalogy, 51 (4): 651–658, doi:10.2307/1378291, JSTOR 1378291
  • Burt, W. (1946), The Mammals of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press
  • Connor, P. (1966), "The mammals of the Tug Hill Plateau, New York", New York State Museum and Science Service Bulletin, 406: 1–82
  • Costello, R. & A. Rosenberger (2003), Napaeozapus insignis, Woodland Jumping Mouse, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, retrieved 29 March 2004
  • Hanney, P. (1975), Rodents: Their Lives and Habits, New York City: Taplinger Publishing Company
  • Linzey, D. & C. Brecht (2002), Napaeozapus insignis (Miller), Mammalia: Mammals of Great Smoky Mountains National Park, retrieved 29 March 2004
  • Linzey, D. & A. Linzey (1973), "Notes on food of small mammals from Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee-North Carolina", Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, 89 (1): 6–14
  • Walker, E. (1964), Mammals of the World, Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins Press
  • Whitaker, J. & R. Wrigley (1972), "Napaeozapus insignis", Mammalian Species, 14 (14): 1–6, doi:10.2307/3503916, JSTOR 3503916
  • Whitaker, J. (1963), "Food, habitat, and parasites of the woodland jumping mouse in central New York", Journal of Mammalogy, 44 (3): 316–321, doi:10.2307/1377201, JSTOR 1377201
  • Wilson, D. & D. Reeder (1993), Napaeozapus insignis, Mammal Species of the World (MSW), retrieved 28 March 2004
  • Wrigley, R. (1972), "Systematics and Biology of the Woodland Jumping Mouse Napaeozapus insignis", Illinois University Biological Monographs, 47: 1–118, doi:10.5962/bhl.title.50103, hdl:2142/27417, ISBN 0252002660
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