Naharayim

Naharayim (Hebrew: נַהֲרַיִים‎ literally "Two rivers"), historically the Jisr Majami area (Arabic: جسر المجامع‎ literally "Meeting bridge" area), where the Yarmouk River flows into the Jordan River, was named by the Palestine Electric Company in a letter [1] dated 27 February, 1929 to Palestine Railways giving "proper names" to the "different quarters of our Jordan Works" one of these being the "works as a whole including the labour camp" to be called "Naharaim" and another being the site of the "Power House and the adjoining staff quarters, offices" to be called Tel Or (Hebrew: תל אור‎ - Hill of Light). Most of the plant was situated in the Emirate of Transjordan and stretched from the northern canal near the Ashdot Ya'akov in Northern Mandatory Palestine to the Jisr el-Majami in the south.[2]

PEC letter naming Naharaim and Tel-Or.
1935 Palestine Electric Corporation General Scheme for the area around the First Jordan Power House
Nahariyim/Baqoura region in 1953 and now

The area includes the disused "First Jordan Hydro-Electric Power House",[3] constructed between 1927–33 in the area adjacent to the Roman bridge known as Jisr Majami.[4] The plant, established by Pinhas Rutenberg, produced much of the energy consumed in Mandatory Palestine until the 1948 Palestine war. The channels and dams built for the power plant, together with the two rivers, formed a man-made island. The residential area is known today as Qaryet Jisr Al-Majame (Arabic: قرية جسر المجامع‎ - Community Bridge Village).

The 1994 Israel–Jordan peace treaty recognized part of the area – known as the Naharayim/Baqura Area in the treaty or, according to the map annexed to the treaty and authenticated by both Israel and Jordan,[5] the Baqura/Naharayim area – to be under Jordanian sovereignty, but leased Israeli landowners freedom of entry.[6][7] The 25-year renewable lease ended in 2019. The Jordanian government announced its intention to end the lease; the treaty gives Jordan the right to do so only on one condition – that one year prior notice is given, which coincided with the announcement in October 2018.[8] Jordan reclaimed Al-Baqoura in November 2019 after a one-year notice of termination submitted by King Abdullah II.[9]

History

Jisr al Majami

Historically the only structure in the area was the Roman bridge of Jisr Majami. A railway bridge was built parallel to it in the early 20th century to carry to Jezreel Valley railway, opened in 1905. The bridge played a strategic role in World War I; it was captured by the 19th Lancers during the Capture of Afulah and Beisan. When the Rutenberg concession was given, it was defined as the area around Jisr Majami.

Hydroelectric power station
First Jordan Hydro-Electric Power House, circa 1933
Main article: First Jordan Hydro-Electric Power House

Pinhas Rutenberg, a Russian-born Zionist and engineer immigrated to Palestine in 1919. After submitting a plan to the Zionist movement for the establishment of 13 hydroelectric power stations and securing financing for the plan, he was awarded a concession from the British Mandatory government to generate electricity, first from the Yarkon River near Tel Aviv, and shortly thereafter, utilizing all the running water in western Palestine.[10]

Naharayim is part of 6,000 dunams sold to the Palestine Electric Corporation (PEC) run by Pinhas Rutenberg. The Naharayim site was chosen for the strong water flow and the possibility of regulating the flow through storage in the Sea of Galilee during the winter rainy season and release of the water reserves in the summer. Construction began in 1927 and continued for five years, providing employment for 3,000 workers. The site was named Naharayim, Hebrew for "Two Rivers."[10]

Workers' village
Homes in the workers village, 1932/1933

A residential neighborhood was built near the plant to house employees.[11] It was the only Jewish village in Transjordan at the time. It was designated for residence of the permanent employees of the power plant and their families, aiming to create an agricultural village at the Eastern border of the Land of Israel.

Employees of the power station also farmed thousands of dunams of land and sold some of the produce at a company workers’ supermarket in Haifa.[12] Due to its relative isolation and despite the limited number of resident families, the village included a clinic, a kindergarten, and even a school, established by Yosef Hanani for the children of employees.

The families of the employees at Tel Or were evacuated from the settlement in April 1948, leaving behind only workers with Jordanian ID cards. Following a prolonged battle between Palestinian Jewish forces and the Transjordanian Arab Legion in the area, the remaining residents of Tel Or were given an ultimatum to surrender or leave the village. Tel Or was abandoned by the residents, who were evacuated to Jewish-controlled areas across the river.

During the 1948 War, 70 Palestinian Arab families from a village just meters away on the Palestinian side of the Jordan River populated the abandoned site.[13]

1947/8 diplomacy

In the lead up to the End of the British Mandate for Palestine and Israeli independence, Naharayim was the venue for a meeting between Golda Meir and King Abdullah on 17 November 1947. There was a second meeting in Amman on 10 May, 1948, after the Gesher incident (see below), in an attempt by the Jewish leadership to head off Jordanian participation in the war.[14][15]

1948 war
1940s Survey of Palestine map of the area

On 27 April 1948, in violation of a November 1947 agreement between Golda Meir and King Abdullah, the Arab Legion's 4th Battalion launched a mortar and artillery attack on the Naharayim police fort and Kibbutz Gesher (on the Palestinian side of the border). On the evening of 27 April, the Legion began shelling the fort and kibbutz, stepping up the attack the following day. Many of the kibbutz buildings were destroyed.[16]

On the morning of April 29, a Legion officer demanded the evacuation of the fort, but was turned down. After protests to the British Mandate administration, the shelling was halted, and Abdullah was reprimanded for "aggression against Palestine territory." Although the attack did constitute a violation of the understanding, a British officer of the Legion claimed afterwards that it was an unfortunate local misunderstanding. The impetus for the attack was the seizure by the settlers of the police fortress which the British had invited Glubb Pasha to take over. The settlement would have fallen except that Abdullah told his son Talal to halt the attack.[17][18] In the wake of the attack 50 children of the kibbutz were evacuated, first to the Ravitz Hotel on the Carmel,[19] and then to a 19th-century French monastery on the grounds of Rambam Hospital in the Bat Galim neighborhood of Haifa, where they lived for the next 22 months.[20] An Iraqi brigade invaded at Naharayim on May 15, 1948, in an unsuccessful attempt to take the kibbutz and fort.[21] The power plant was occupied and looted by the Iraqi forces.[22]

To prevent Iraqi tanks from attacking Jewish villages in the Jordan Valley, the sluice gates of the Degania dam were opened. The rush of water, which deepened the river at this spot, was instrumental in blocking the Iraqi-Jordanian incursion.[10]

1949 armistice line
Armistice line as shown on the official map

Although the 1949 Israel-Jordan armistice agreement did not explicitly mention this region, the map attached to the agreement showed the armistice line cutting off a corner of Jordan between the two rivers (the present day Island of Peace).[23] When Israel sent military forces into this corner in August 1950, Jordan filed a complaint with the United Nations Security Council.[24][25] According to Jordan, the map had been improperly altered from the original agreed by the parties, was inadequately signed, and in any case the armistice agreement was never intended to alter the territory of Jordan.[23][25] Israel responded that it was immaterial how the map came to be how it was, as only the final version was binding.[23] The Security Council then questioned Ralph Bunche, who had been the UN mediator at the armistice negotiations at Rhodes.[26]. He said that the parties had brought map overlays to Rhodes from earlier informal negotiations and they were transferred manually onto a 1:250,000 map (shown right).[23][26] He could not explain why a part of Jordan had been cut off and was sure it had not been brought up in the formal meetings.[26] However, his opinion was that although the region remained sovereign Jordanian territory it was on the Israeli side of the armistice line because the map was an integral part of the agreement which both parties had signed.[23][26]

Peace treaty and property rights
The 1994 peace treaty included a photo-map of the area in its appendix

Two kibbutzim, Ashdot Ya'akov Meuhad and Ashdot Ya'akov Ihud, worked some 820 dunams on an island (present day Island of Peace) that was part of PEC land, which was in Israeli hands following the signing of the 1949 armistice agreement. The bulk of the 6,000 dunams, including the destroyed plant, remained in Jordanian hands and were placed under the Guardian of Enemy Property. In the 1994 Israel–Jordan peace treaty, Jordanian sovereignty over the 820 dunam area was confirmed, but Israelis retained private land ownership and special provisions allow free Israeli travel and protect Israeli property rights.[27]

The Jordanian King Abdullah II said that as of Sunday, 10 November 2019, Israeli farmers will not be able to access the lands without a visa after the lease ended.[28]

Peace park

The remains of the power station are part of the Jordan River Peace Park south of the Island of Peace on the Israel-Jordan border.[29] The project is spearheaded by the trilateral NGO EcoPeace Middle East, headquartered in Tel Aviv, Bethlehem and Amman.[30]

1997 massacre
Naharayim Memorial to the victims of the Island of Peace massacre
Main article: Island of Peace massacre

On March 13, 1997, the AMIT Fuerst (Fürst) Zionist religious junior high school from Beit Shemesh was on a class trip to the Jordan Valley, and Island of Peace. Jordanian soldier Ahmed Daqamseh opened fire at the schoolchildren, killing seven girls aged 13 or 14 and badly wounding six others. King Hussein of Jordan came to Beit Shemesh to extend his condolences and ask forgiveness in the name of his country, a step which was seen as both touching and courageous.[31] Daqamseh was tried by a Jordanian military tribunal, sentenced to twenty years in prison, and was released on 12 March 2017 after completing his sentence.

gollark: Even an efficiency maximiser has an ethical system. Broadly speaking. A goal system, at least.
gollark: Also convenience.
gollark: I, of course, do ethical things based on averaging various philosophy-derived ethical systems, arbitrary human intuition, and a neural network thing which weakly approximates average human judgements.
gollark: You can ignore those, but good luck spreading your preferred ethical behaviour patterns in that case.
gollark: It also might work out worse on consequentialist grounds to do it all the time.

See also

References
  1. letter
  2. Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel, ed. Raphael Patai, Herzl Press/McGraw Hill, New York, Vol. 2, p.818
  3. Meiton, Fredrik (15 January 2019). Electrical Palestine: Capital and Technology from Empire to Nation. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-96848-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  4. "Naharayim - What a rush". Archived from the original on February 27, 2012. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  5. UN treaty map
  6. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Peace/Guide/Pages/Israel-Jordan%20Peace%20Treaty%20Annex%20I.aspx
  7. Beaches, Ruins, Resorts: The Politics of Tourism in the Arab World, University of Minnesota Press, Waleed Hazbun, page 180
  8. Jordan to nix parts of peace treaty with Israel, reclaim territories, YNET, 21 October 2018
  9. aljazeera.com
  10. Avitzur, Shmuel (2003-05-22). "The Power Plant on Two Rivers". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2009-09-03.
  11. Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel, ed. Raphael Patai, Herzl Press/McGraw Hill, New York, Vol. 2, p.818
  12. The Humble Beginnings of Israel Electric Corporation, Revealed
  13. "Jisr Al-Majameh in Baqoura, a Jordanian land with unknown owners". 7iber (in Arabic). 16 October 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  14. Fabricating Israeli History: The "new Historians", Frank Cass, Efraim Karsh, page 98
  15. The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948, Cambridge University Press, chapter by Eugene Rogan, page 84
  16. Morris, B. (2003). The Road to Jerusalem: Glubb Pasha, Palestine and the Jews. I. B. Tauris. p. 134. ISBN 9781860649899. Retrieved 2016-09-05.
  17. Avi., Shlaim (1 January 1988). Collusion across the Jordan : King Abdullah, the Zionist movement, and the partition of Palestine. Columbia University Press. p. 178. ISBN 9780231068383. OCLC 876002691.
  18. The Road to Jerusalem: Glubb Pasha, Palestine and the Jews, Benny Morris
  19. The Outsider. Haaretz
  20. 70th anniversary, Rambam Hospital
  21. The Road to Jerusalem: Glubb Pasha, Palestine and the Jews
  22. Jewish-Transjordanian Relations 1921-1948, Yoav Gelber
  23. Guenter Weissberg (October 1963). "Maps as Evidence in International Boundary Disputes: A Reappraisal". The American Journal of International Law. 57 (4): 781–803. doi:10.2307/2196336. JSTOR 2196336.
  24. Cablegram dated 10 September 1950 from the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Hashimite Kingdom of the Jordan addressed to the Secretary-General concerning the Palestine question, UNSC document S/1780.
  25. Letter dated 21 September 1950 from the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Hashimite Kingdom of the Jordan addressed to the Secretary-General concerning the Palestine question, UNSC document S/1824.
  26. United Nations Security Council, 518th Meeting, 6 November 1950, Proces-Verbaux No. 60, document number S/PV.518.
  27. Fischbach, Michael R. "Settling Historical Land Claims in the Wake of Arab-Israeli Peace." Journal of Palestine Studies 27.1 (1997): 38-50.
  28. Arutz Sheva Staff (7 November 2019). "Jordan bans Israeli farmers from border enclave". israelnationalnews.com.
  29. Projects - Jordan River Peace Park foeme.org
  30. EcoPeace Middle East. "Jordan River Peace Park".
  31. "With condolence visit to Israel, King Hussein spurs talks", CNN, March 16, 1997. Accessed July 22, 2007. "King Hussein of Jordan knelt in mourning Sunday with the families of seven Israeli schoolgirls gunned down last week by a Jordanian soldier, saying they were all 'members of one family.'"

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