N-Hydroxysuccinimide

N-Hydroxysuccinimide
Skeletal formula of N-hydroxysuccinimide	Ball-and-stick model of the N-hydroxysuccinimide molecule
Names
	IUPAC name 1-Hydroxy-2,5-pyrrolidinedione
	Other names 1-hydroxypyrrolidine-2,5-dione, HOSu
Identifiers
CAS Number	6066-82-6 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChemSpider	72416 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.025.456
PubChem CID	80170;
UNII	MJE3791M4T ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID7064102 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C4H5NO3/c6-3-1-2-4(7)5(3)8/h8H,1-2H2 Key: NQTADLQHYWFPDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/C4H5NO3/c6-3-1-2-4(7)5(3)8/h8H,1-2H2 Key: NQTADLQHYWFPDB-UHFFFAOYAM;
	SMILES O=C1N(O)C(=O)CC1;
Properties
Chemical formula	C4H5NO3
Molar mass	115.09 g/mol
Appearance	Colourless solid
Melting point	95 °C (203 °F; 368 K)
Related compounds
Related imides	Succinimide; N-Bromosuccinimide
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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	Infobox references

N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) is an organic compound with the formula (CH₂CO)₂NOH. It is a white solid that is used as a reagent for preparing active esters in peptide synthesis. It can be synthesized by heating succinic anhydride with hydroxylamine or hydroxylamine hydrochloride.[1]

Activating reagent

NHS is commonly found in organic chemistry or biochemistry where it is used as an activating reagent for carboxylic acids.[2] Activated acids (basically esters with a good leaving group) can react with amines to form amides for example, whereas a normal carboxylic acid would just form a salt with an amine.

Use

A common way to synthesize an NHS-activated acid is to mix NHS with the desired carboxylic acid and a small amount of an organic base in an anhydrous solvent. A coupling reagent such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or ethyl(dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) is then added to form a highly reactive activated acid intermediate. NHS reacts to form a less labile activated acid. The group itself is usually written as SuO- or -OSu in chemical notation. Such an ester with an acid and NHS, sometimes called succinate ester, is stable enough to be purified and stored at low temperatures in the absence of water and, as such, is commercially available. NHS esters are commonly used for protein modification (e.g. an NHS ester of fluorescein is commercially available, and can be added to a protein to obtain a fluorescently labeled protein in one simple reaction and purification step).

Alternatives

Some alternatives to NHS are the water-soluble analog sulfo-NHS, hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt), 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole (HOAt), and pentafluorophenol.

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References

Knight, David W. (2001). "N-Hydroxysuccinimide". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rh069.
Anderson, G.W.; Zimmerman, J. F.; Callahan, F. M. (1963). "N-Hydroxysuccinimide Esters in Peptide Synthesis". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85 (19): 3039. doi:10.1021/ja00902a047.

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[1] Knight, David W. (2001). "N-Hydroxysuccinimide". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rh069.

[2] Anderson, G.W.; Zimmerman, J. F.; Callahan, F. M. (1963). "N-Hydroxysuccinimide Esters in Peptide Synthesis". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85 (19): 3039. doi:10.1021/ja00902a047.