Mutual Security Act

The Mutual Security Act of 1951 launched a major American foreign aid program, 1951–61, of grants to numerous countries. It largely replaced the Marshall Plan. The main goal was to help poor countries develop and to contain the spread of communism. It was signed on October 10, 1951 by President Harry S. Truman.[1] Annual authorizations were about $7.5 billion, out of a GDP of $340bn in 1951, for military, economic, and technical foreign aid to American allies. The aid was aimed primarily at shoring up Western Europe, as the Cold War developed. In 1961 it was replaced by new foreign aid program. The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, created the Agency for International Development (AID), which focused more on Latin America.[2]

Mutual Security Act
Long titleAn Act to maintain the security and promote the foreign policy and provide for the general welfare of the United States by furnishing assistance to friendly nations in the interest of international peace and security.
Acronyms (colloquial)MSA
NicknamesMutual Security Act of 1951
Enacted bythe 82nd United States Congress
EffectiveOctober 10, 1951
Citations
Public law82-165
Statutes at Large65 Stat. 373
Codification
Titles amended22 U.S.C.: Foreign Relations and Intercourse
U.S.C. sections created22 U.S.C. ch. 22 § 1651 et seq.
Legislative history

The Mutual Security Act also abolished the Economic Cooperation Administration, which had managed the Marshall Plan and transferred its functions to the newly established Mutual Security Agency (MSA). The Agency was established and continued by acts of October 10, 1951 (65 Stat. 373) and June 20, 1952 (66 Stat. 141) to provide military, economic, and technical assistance to friendly nations in the interest of international peace and security, but was abolished by Reorganization Plan No. 7 of 1953, effective August 1, 1953, and its functions were transferred to the Foreign Operations Administration.[3] The act however, was extended by appropriators each fiscal year until the early 1960s.[4]

As the Marshall Plan was ending, Congress was in the process of piecing together a new foreign aid proposal designed to unite military and economic programs with technical assistance. In the words of Secretary of State Dean Acheson, who testified before Congress, Western Europe needed assistance against Soviet "encroachment." The measure was intended to signal Washington's resolve to allies and to the Kremlin that the United States was capable of and committed to containing communism globally, even while it fought a protracted land war in Korea. The measure took about two months to work its way through the House, meeting resistance from fiscal conservatives along the way. Republicans were divided about the cost of the expenditures; nevertheless nearly half (80) joined the overwhelming majority of Democrats to pass the measure 260 to 101 on August 17. John M. Vorys of Ohio summed up GOP support for the measure, noting that military aid to "nations who will fight on our side" is "sound economy." Representative James P. Richards of South Carolina, chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee, noted that the Mutual Security Act was intended "not to fight a war" but "to prevent a war."[4]

Background and follow-on

Mutual Security Act of 1951 was the successor to the Mutual Defense Assistance Act and the Economic Cooperation Act of 1949, which administered the Marshall plan. It became law on 10 October 1951, and created a new, independent agency, the Mutual Security Administration, to supervise all foreign aid programs including military assistance and economic programs that bolstered the defense capability of U.S. allies globally.

Submitted on 24 May 1951, President Harry S. Truman's omnibus foreign aid bill got a hostile reception on Capitol Hill. Rapid expansion of national security expenditures during the Korean War had produced alarm over high taxes, large deficits, government controls, and a possible "garrison state" among such prominent conservatives as Senator Robert A. Taft (R‐Ohio). Truman's decision to send U.S. troops to Europe as part of a standing NATO force further antagonized congressional conservatives and exacerbated their fears that European nations were not doing enough for their own defense. Congress thus reduced the administration's request for Mutual Security funds by 15 percent and authorized $5.998 billion and $1.486 billion, respectively, for military and economic assistance. The deepest cuts were in economic aid, thus ensuring its subordination to military assistance as "defense support."[5]

The Mutual Security Act was renewed each year until 1961,[6] and it annually produced struggles over the size of the foreign aid budget, and the balance between military and economic aid. The US foreign aid program was then reorganized under new Kennedy Administration legislation, with signing of the Foreign Assistance Act and Executive Order 10973 on 3 November 1961, which established the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).[7]

Amendments to 1951 Act
Date of Enactment Public Law Number U.S. Statute Citation U.S. Legislative Bill U.S. Presidential Administration
June 20, 1952 P.L. 82-400 66 Stat. 141 H.R. 7005 Harry S. Truman
July 16, 1953 P.L. 83-118 67 Stat. 152 H.R. 5710 Dwight D. Eisenhower
August 26, 1954 P.L. 83-665 68 Stat. 832-2 H.R. 9678 Dwight D. Eisenhower
July 8, 1955 P.L. 84-138 69 Stat. 283 S. 2090 Dwight D. Eisenhower
July 18, 1956 P.L. 84-726 70 Stat. 555 H.R. 11356 Dwight D. Eisenhower
August 14, 1957 P.L. 85-141 71 Stat. 355 S. 2130 Dwight D. Eisenhower
June 30, 1958 P.L. 85-477 72 Stat. 261 H.R. 12181 Dwight D. Eisenhower
July 24, 1959 P.L. 86-108 73 Stat. 246 H.R. 7500 Dwight D. Eisenhower
May 14, 1960 P.L. 86-472 74 Stat. 134 H.R. 11510 Dwight D. Eisenhower
gollark: I think that's America-based?
gollark: It says here the IEEE developed the standards.
gollark: How is WiFi an Australian thing? I thought it was mostly a globally developed standard.
gollark: That isn't ONLY dependent on the intelligence of local people, you know.
gollark: Which is also not the same as intelligence.

See also

References
  1. Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "Harry S. Truman: "Statement by the President Upon Signing the Mutual Security Act.," October 10, 1951". The American Presidency Project. University of California - Santa Barbara.
  2. Aurelius Morgner, "The American Foreign Aid Program: Costs, Accomplishments, Alternatives?," Review of Politics (1967) 29#1 pp. 65-75 in JSTOR
  3. Records of U.S. Foreign Assistance Agencies, 1948-1961, United States National Archives, Administrative History, Records of the Mutual Security Agency (MSA) 1949-56, History
  4. Office of the Clerk, US House of Representatives,The Mutual Security Act of 1951
  5. John Whiteclay Chambers II, Mutual Security Act The Oxford Companion to American Military History. 2000. Retrieved January 02, 2011 from Encyclopedia.com
  6. US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives. "Historical Highlights: The Mutual Security Act of 1951". history.house.gov.
  7. Executive Order 10973, 3 November 1961, Administration of Foreign Assistance and Related Functions

Further reading
  • Morgner, Aurelius. "The American Foreign Aid Program: Costs, Accomplishments, Alternatives?," Review of Politics (1967) 29#1 pp. 65–75 in JSTOR
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