Munchkin

A Munchkin is a native of the fictional Munchkin Country in the Oz books by American author L. Frank Baum. They first appear in the classic children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) where they welcome Dorothy Gale to their city in Oz. The Munchkins are described as being the same height as Dorothy and they wear only shades of blue clothing, as blue is the Munchkins' favorite color. Blue is also the predominating color that officially represents the eastern quadrant in the Land of Oz. The Munchkins have appeared in various media, including the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, as well as in various other films and comedy acts.

For other uses, see Munchkin (disambiguation).

The Munchkins
Oz books character
W. W. Denslow's depiction of Munchkins, from first edition of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
First appearance	The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)
Created by	L. Frank Baum

Concept

While Baum may have written about it, there are no surviving notes for the composition of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The lack of this information has resulted in mere speculation of the term origins he used in the book, which include the word Munchkin.[1] Baum researcher Brian Attebery has hypothesized that there might be a connection to the Münchner Kindl, the emblem of the Bavarian city of Munich (spelled München in German).[1] The symbol was originally a 13th-century statue of a monk, looking down from the town hall in Munich. Over the years, the image was reproduced many times, for instance as a figure on beer steins, and eventually evolved into a child wearing a pointed hood.[2] Baum's family had German origins, suggesting that Baum could have seen one such reproduction in his childhood. It is also possible that Munchkin came from the German word Männchen, which means "mannikin" or "little figure". In 1900, Baum published a book about window displays in which he stressed the importance of mannequins in attracting customers.[3] Another possibility is a connection to Baron Munchausen, whose name is now similar to the word "fabulous". This fictional character is based on a real baron who told outrageous tall tales based on his military career.[1][4] Like the other Oz terms, the word Munchkin ends in a diminutive which in this case refers to the size of the natives.[1]

Literature

Oz Books by Frank Baum

"she noticed coming down toward her a group of the queerest people she had ever seen. They were not as big as the grown folk she had always been used to; but neither were they very small. In fact, they seemed about as tall as Dorothy, who was a well-grown child for her age, although they were, so far as looks go, many years older."

– L. Frank Baum

The Munchkins are first mentioned (quote shown) in an excerpt from chapter two of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, titled "The Council with the Munchkins". Dorothy initially meets only three of them, along with the Good Witch of the North. The rest of the Munchkins then come out of hiding and are shown to be grateful towards Dorothy for killing their evil ruler the Wicked Witch of the East. Dorothy later eventually finds the yellow brick road, and along the way attends a banquet held by a Munchkin man named Boq. Sometime in the book a background story is also given about a "Munchkin maiden" (named Nimmie Amee in later books), who was the former love interest of the Tin Woodman.[5]

Baum also included the Munchkin characters in his later works as minor and major individual characters. The Munchkin Jinjur is the main antagonist in Baum's second book The Marvelous Land of Oz, where she seeks to overthrow the Scarecrow and take over the Emerald City. Jinjur makes a brief appearance in the next book, entitled Ozma of Oz, and is later brought back in Baum's twelfth book, The Tin Woodman of Oz. By this time, she is shown to be a more prominent character who is helpful and friendly to Dorothy and her friends. Two other major Munchkin characters also appear in The Tin Woodman of Oz: Tommy Kwikstep and Nimmie Amee. The former appears in the story asking for a wish for running an errand for a witch; the latter is the name given to the mystery "Munchkin maiden" from the first book, who was the former lover of the Tin Woodman. More information is revealed that tells about the Tin Woodman's origin, and their tragic love story.[5] Lastly, the Munchkin Unc Nunkie appears in Baum's seventh book, The Patchwork Girl of Oz, where he is accidentally turned to stone. His Munchkin nephew Ojo successfully goes on a quest in search of an antidote while learning more about himself in the process.

Subsequent Oz books

L. Frank Baum died on 6 May 1919 after which other writers took up writing additional Oz stories. In some cases these books were written under Baum's name, and include among other characters the Munchkins. There is at least one known Munchkin character that was created after Baum's death that appears as a major character. Zif is a Munchkin boy who appears in John R. Neill's first adaptation called The Royal Book of Oz. Zif is a student at the College of Art and Athletic Perfection; he is both respectful and resentful towards his teacher Wogglebog who considers Zif a "nobody or a nothing." The Munchkin characters that Baum had created in his lifetime also appear in these additional works.

Film and musicals

Early works (1902–1933)

While the 1939 film is the most well known adaptation (see section below), it was not the first outside work to show the Munchkins in film or musical format. One of the first musical adaptations of Baum's books took place in 1902; it was also dubbed The Wizard of Oz.[6][7] The Munchkins make their appearance in act one, called "The Storm," in which they are shown dancing around their maypole, not noticing that Dorothy's house has fallen to earth killing the Wicked Witch of the East.[8] The first film adaptation of Baum's works, titled The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, was released in 1910, followed by three sequels. However, it wasn't until 1914 that Munchkin characters first appeared in film works. Ojo the Lucky and Unc Nunkie both appear in a film titled The Patchwork Girl of Oz (based on the book of the same name). This film stars American actress Violet MacMillan as Ojo, and was produced by Baum.[9]

1939 film

The Munchkins (specifically the "Lollipop Guild") as depicted in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz. L-R: Jackie Gerlich, Jerry Maren and Harry Doll

The 1939 movie musical The Wizard of Oz was loosely based on Baum's novel. Notable differences of the Munchkins include their country name of Munchkinland, and their clothes of many colors instead of an all-blue attire. In the musical the Munchkins are mostly portrayed by adult actors with dwarfism, but a few average-sized children were also included as background extras.[10] The movie also combines the character of the Good Witch of the South (Glinda), with the Good Witch of the North (named "Locasta" or "Tattypoo").

In the musical, the Munchkins first appear when Dorothy and Toto arrive in the Land of Oz after her house lands on the Wicked Witch of the East. The Munchkins hide from all the commotion until Glinda the Good Witch arrives reassuring them that everything is okay. Dorothy tells them how she arrived in the Land of Oz (through a musical number) and the Munchkins celebrate. To make it official, the Mayor of Munchkinland and his assistant have to make sure that the Wicked Witch of the East is really dead before the celebration continues. The coroner confirms this to the mayor by saying that the witch is "not merely dead", but is indeed "most sincerely dead" while showing the Certificate of Death. The Munchkins then celebrate further as Dorothy receives gifts from the "Lullaby League" and the "Lollipop Guild." Near the end of the song, the Wicked Witch of the West arrives, which causes the Munchkins to panic. After the Wicked Witch of the West leaves, Glinda tells Dorothy to follow the yellow brick road to the Emerald City as the Munchkins guide her out of Munchkinland.

The Munchkin actors have since not avoided controversy with alleged behavior behind the scenes. In a 1967 interview, Judy Garland referred to all of the Munchkins as "little drunks" who got intoxicated every night to the point where they had to be picked up in "butterfly nets". These accusations were denied as fabrications by fellow Munchkin Margaret Pellegrini, who said only "a couple of kids from Germany even drank beer".[11] On 20 November 2007, the Munchkins were given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Seven of the surviving Munchkin actors from the film were present. As a result of the popularity of the 1939 film, the word "munchkin" has entered the English language as a reference to small children, persons with dwarfism, or anything of diminutive stature.

Actors and actresses

The following is a list of actors who portrayed the Munchkins in the 1939 film. Most of the dwarfs hired were acquired for MGM by Leo Singer, the proprietor of Singer's Midgets.[12] A Daily Variety news story from 17 August 1938, stated 124 midgets had been signed to play Munchkins; modern sources place the number either at 122 or 124. An additional dozen or so child actresses were hired to make up for the shortage of little people.[10] At least one Munchkin actor, Dale Paullin (stage name Paul Dale), did not make the final cut for the movie.[13] Only two actors (Joseph Koziel and Frank Cucksey) used their actual voices for the dialogue exchanged with Dorothy where she is given the flowers. The rest of the voices such as the "Munchkin chorus" were created by studio voices recorded at a slow speed.[14]

In 1989, author Stephen Cox researched, found, and wrote about the surviving Munchkin actors fifty years after they made the film. He wrote about them in his book, The Munchkins Remember (1989, E.P. Dutton) which was later revised as The Munchkins of Oz (Cumberland House), and his book remained in print for nearly two decades. When he wrote the book, 33 of the actors with dwarfism who appeared in the film were still alive and were interviewed. Jerry Maren, who played the green "Lollipop Guild" member, was the last living adult Munchkin actor.

Notes: Some of the information presented in the table below may never be complete as Social Security records remain sparse prior to the mid-twentieth century. Stage names and/or aliases are present in italics and quotation marks.

Actor	Born	Died	Part(s) played	Source
Gladys W. Allison	Unknown	Unknown	Played a villager	[15]
John Ballas	1903	Unknown	Played a villager	[16][17]
Franz Balluck ("Mike")	Unknown	Unknown	Played a villager	[15]
Josefine Balluck	Unknown	Unknown	Played a villager	[18][19]
John T. Bambury	Unknown	Unknown	Played a soldier	[16][20]
Charlie Becker	1887	1968	Played "The Mayor of Munchkinland"	[20][21]
Freda Betsky	1916[lower-alpha 1]	Unknown	Played a villager	[15][22]
Henry Boers	1896	Unknown	Played a villager	[23]
Theodore Boers	1894	1945	Played a villager	[23][24]
Christie Buresh	1907	1979	Played a villager	[25]
Eddie Buresh	1909	1982	Played a villager	[25]
Lida Buresh	1906	1970	Played a villager	[16][25]
Mickey Carroll	1919	2009	Played a fiddler, a town crier, and a soldier	[26]
Casper "Colonel" Balsam	Unknown	Unknown	Played a villager	[16]
Nona A. Cooper	1875	1953	Played a villager	[15][27]
Thomas J. Cottonaro	1914	2001	Played a villager	[15][28]
Elizabeth Coulter	Unknown	Unknown	Played a villager	[16]
Lewis Croft	1919	2008	Played a soldier	[29]
Frank Cucksey	1919	1984	Played the villager that gives Dorothy some flowers[lower-alpha 2]	[30][31]
Billy Curtis	1909	1988	Played the Braggart[lower-alpha 3]	[32]
Eugene S. David Jr.	Unknown	Unknown	Played a fiddler	[33]
Eulie H. David	Unknown	Unknown	Played a soldier	[33]
Ethel W. Denis	1894	1968	Played a villager	[16][34][35]
Prince Denis	1892	1984	Played the Sergeant-at-Arms[lower-alpha 4]	[34][36]
Hazel I. Derthick	1906	1989	Played a villager	[37]
Daisy Earles	1907	1980	Played a "munchkin maiden"	[38]
Gracie Doll Earles	1899	1970	Played a "munchkin maiden"	[38]
Harry Doll Earles	1902	1985	Blue member of The Lollipop Guild	[38][39]
Tiny Doll Earles	1914	2004	Played a "munchkin maiden"	[38]
Major Doyle ("James D. Doyle")	1869	1940	Played a villager	[16][36]
Ruth Robinson Duccini	1918	2014	Played a villager	[40]
Carl M. Erickson	1917	1958	Played the 2nd Trumpeter	[16][41]
Fern Formica	1925	1995	Played a villager and a "sleepyhead"	[42]
Addie Eva Frank	Unknown	Unknown	Played a villager	[16]
Thaisa L. Gardner	1909	1968	Played a villager	[16]
Jakob "Jackie" Gerlich	1917	1960	Red member of The Lollipop Guild	[43]
William A. Giblin	1916	1985	Played a soldier	[44]
Jack S. Glicken	1900	1950	Played a city father	[45]
Carolyn E. Granger	1915	1973	Played a villager	[16][46]
Joseph Herbst	Unknown	1989	Played a soldier	[16][47][48]
Jakob Hofbauer	1898[lower-alpha 5]	Unknown	Played a soldier	[36]
Clarence C. Howerton ("Major Mite")	1913	1975	Played the 3rd Trumpeter	[49][50]
Helen M. Hoy	1898	1945	Played a villager	[16][51]
Marguerite A. Hoy	Unknown	Unknown	Played a villager	[16]
James R. Hulse IV	1915	1964	Played a villager	[16][36][52]
Robert Kanter ("Little Lord Robert")	1886	Unknown	Played a soldier	[15][53]
Charles E. Kelley	Unknown	Unknown	Played a soldier	[15]
Jessie E. Kelley ("Jessie Becker")	Unknown	Unknown	Played a villager	[16]
Frank Kikel	Unknown	Unknown	Played a villager	[16]
Bernard Klima ("Harry")	1897	1957	Played a villager	[30][54]
Mitzi Koestner	Unknown	Unknown	Played a villager	[16]
Emma Koestner	Unknown	Unknown	Played a villager	[10][16]
Willi Koestner	Unknown	Unknown	Played a soldier	[16][55]
Adam Edwin Kozicki ("Eddie Adams")	Unknown	Unknown	Played a fiddler	[16][56]
Joseph J. Koziel	Unknown	Unknown	Played a villager[lower-alpha 2]	[16][57]
Dolly F. Kramer	1904	1995	Played a villager	[16][23]
Emil Kranzler	1910	1993	Played a villager	[16][58]
Nita Krebs	1905	1991	Member of The Lullaby League and a villager	[30][59]
Jeane LaBarbera ("Little Jean")	1909	1993	Played a villager	[60]
Hilda Lange	Unknown	Unknown	Played a villager	[16]
John Leal ("Johnny")	1905	1996	Played a villager	[16][61]
Ann Rice Leslie	1900	1973	Played a villager	[16][62]
Charles Ludwig	1889	1941	Played a villager	[16][63][64]
Dominick Magro	1909	1959	Played a villager	[65][66]
Carlos Manzo	1914	1955	Played a villager	[16][67]
Howard Marco	1884[lower-alpha 6]	Unknown	Played a villager	[16][68]
Jerry Maren	1920	2018	Green member of The Lollipop Guild	[69][70]
Bela Matina ("Mike Rogers")	1901	1954	Played a villager	[15][71][72]
Lajos Matina ("Leo")	1901	Unknown	Played a villager	[15][73]
Matyus Matina ("Ike Rogers")	1901	Unknown	Played a villager	[15][73][71]
Walter M. B. Miller	1906	1987	Played a soldier and a flying monkey	[16][36]
George Ministeri	1913	1986	Played the coachman and a villager	[16][36]
Harry Monty	1904	1999	Played a villager and a flying monkey	[74]
Yvonne Bistany Moray	1917[lower-alpha 7]	Unknown	Member of The Lullaby League and a villager	[15][36]
Johnny Maroldo ("Johnny Winters")	1905	1985	Played the Commander of the Navy	[36]
Marie Bernadet Maroldo ("Marie Winters")	1901	1979	Played a villager	[36]
Olga C. Nardone	1921	2010	Member of The Lullaby League, a sleepyhead, and a villager	[76]
Nels P. Nelson	1918	1994	Played a villager	[16][77][78][lower-alpha 8]
Margaret C. Nickloy ("Princess Marguerite")	1902	1961	Played a villager	[10][79]
Franklin H. O'Baugh	1922	1963	Played a soldier	[80][81]
William H. O'Docharty	1920	1988	Played the coach footman and a villager	[16][36]
Hildred C. Olson	Unknown	Unknown	Played a villager	[16]
Frank Packard	Unknown	Unknown	Played a villager	[16]
Nicholas Page ("Nicky")	1904	1978	Played a soldier and a city father	[10][36]
Leona Megest Parks ("Duchess")	1897	Unknown	Played a villager	[23]
Margaret Williams Pellegrini	1923	2013	Played a "sleepyhead" and the "flower pot munchkin"	[42][82]
Johnny Pizo	Unknown	Unknown	Played a villager	[16]
Leon Polinsky ("Prince Leon")	Unknown	Unknown	Played a villager	[16][83]
Meinhardt Raabe	1915	2010	Played the coroner[lower-alpha 9]	[84]
Margaret Raia	1928	2003	Played a villager	[85]
Matthew Raia	Unknown	Unknown	Played a city father	[85]
Friedrich Retter ("Freddie")	1899	Unknown	Played a fiddler and villager	[16][86]
Billy Rhodes ("Little Billy")	1895	1967	Played the barrister	[87][88]
Gertrude H. Rice	Unknown	Unknown	Played a villager	[16]
Hazel Rice	Unknown	Unknown	Played a villager	[16]
Sandor Roka	1896	1954	Played a villager	[16][89][90]
Charles F. "Wojnarski" Royal	1900	1947	Played a soldier	[16][91]
Helen J. "Wojnarski" Royal	1897	1958	Played a villager	[16][91]
Stella A. "Wojnarski" Royal	1903	1959	Played a villager	[91]
Albert Ruddinger	Unknown	Unknown	Played a villager	[16]
Elsie R. Schultz	1892	1987	Played a villager	[16][36]
Charles Silvern	1902	1976	Played a villager	[16][92]
Garland Slatton ("Earl")	1917	1995	Played a soldier	[23]
Karl Slover	1918	2011	Played the lead trumpeter, a soldier, a "sleepyhead", and a villager	[93][94]
Ruth E. Smith	Unknown	1985	Played a villager	[13][16]
Elmer Spangler	1910	Unknown	Played a villager	[16][95]
Pernell St. Aubin	1922	1987	Played a soldier	[30][96]
Carl Stephan	Unknown	Unknown	Played a villager	[16]
Alta M. Stevens	1913	1989	Played a villager	[16][36]
George Suchsie	Unknown	Unknown	Played a villager	[16]
Charlotte V. Sullivan	Unknown	Unknown	Played a villager	[16]
Clarence Swensen	1917	2009	Played a soldier	[97]
Betty Tanner	1916	1994	Played a villager	[36][98]
Arnold Vierling	1919	1949	Played a villager	[36]
Gus Wayne	1920	1998	Played a soldier	[99]
Victor Wetter	1902	1990	Played the Captain of the Army	[10][36]
Grace G. Williams	Unknown	Unknown	Played a villager	[16]
Harvey B. Williams	1905	1968	Played a soldier	[16][100]
Gladys V. Wolff	1911	1984	Played a villager	[36][16]
Murray Wood	1908	1999	Played a city father	[16][101]

Child actresses

About a dozen children of average height were hired so they could be used for background fill. Sources differ on the amount of children used for these roles ranging anywhere from 10 to 12.[102] The names used for the women are maiden names with known aliases present in italics and quotation marks.

As of 2020, five "child munchkins" are known to be living:

Actor	Born	Died	Part(s) played	Source
Betty Ann Cain ("Bruno")	1931	Living	Munchkin hatchling	[103][104][105][106]
Priscilla Ann Montgomery Clark	1929	Living	Background fill	[104][105][107]
Donna Jean Johnson ("Stewart Hardaway")	1933	2008	Background fill	[108][109]
Joan Kenmore	1931	Living	Background fill	[103][104][105][102]
Eva Lee Kuney	1934	2015	Background fill	[15][110][111]
Rae-Nell Laskey ("Alsbury")	1930	1991	Unknown	[112][113]
Elaine Mirk ("Merk")	Unknown	Living	Background fill	[102][105]
Valerie Lee Shepard	Unknown	Unknown	Background fill	[10][102][105]
Ardith Dondanville Todd	1930	Living	Background fill	[103][104][105]
Shirley Ann Kennedy ("Vegors")	1932	2005	Background fill	[114][115]
Viola White ("Banks")	1931	2000	Background fill	[10][36]

Later works (1940–1989)

The 1939 film was adapted into a musical that was released in 1942 that includes the Munchkin characters. The events that take place mirror the film including the song "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead".[116] Twenty-seven years later an animated film called The Wonderful Land of Oz was made; it has Jinjur as a major character.

Other works

See also: Adaptations of The Wizard of Oz

• The Munchkins appeared in The Wiz and were played by children and teenagers. (1978)
• The Munchkins appear at the end of Return to Oz. They are seen celebrating Dorothy's return after defeating the Nome King and are present at Princess Ozma's coronation. Tommy Kwikstep was also seen there. (1985)
• In The Muppets' Wizard of Oz, the Munchkins were played by Rizzo the Rat (who portrayed the Mayor of Munchkinland) and his fellow rats. (2005)
• The Munchkins appeared in Dorothy and the Witches of Oz. The Munchkins were first seen in the battle against the Wicked Witch of the West's forces in Oz. They were later brought to Earth by Glinda in order to combat the forces of the Wicked Witch of the West. (2012)
• The Munchkins appear in Oz the Great and Powerful. They alongside the Quadlings and the Tinkers as inhabitants of Glinda's protectorate. Although the film is not otherwise a musical, the Munchkins sing and dance much as they do in the 1939 film. (2013)
• The Munchkins appear in more than one skit on Mad TV where the 1939 film is parodied. The actors are played by people with dwarfism.
• The Munchkins appear in the television series Once Upon a Time. Not much is known about them, but they seem to be similar to the Dwarves in the Enchanted forest as Zelena originally thought that Sneezy was a Munchkin. Also, Regina Mills once mistakenly referred to the Seven Dwarfs as Munchkins.
• The Munchkins appear in Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz with the Mayor of Munchkinland voiced by Bill Fagerbakke and the background Munchkins voiced by Steven Blum and Jessica DiCicco. Ojo, Dr. Pipt, the Lollipop Guild, and the Lullaby League are also featured. Also, Smith & Tinker are depicted as Munchkins in this show.

Notes

1. This year is based on the date on the paper, Freda Betsky (33 at the time) was either born in 1915 or 1916.
2. Frank Cucksey, and Joseph Koziel were the only two munchkins whose real voices were used. Their dialogue is as follows: "We thank you very sweetly, for doing it so neatly" (Joseph), "You've killed her so completely, that we thank you very sweetly" (Frank).[14]
3. The "Braggart" can be heard saying: "and ohhhh what happened then was rich".
4. It was falsely reported in 1984 that Prince Denis played the role of the Munchkin Mayor.[36]
5. According to Stephen Cox it is unknown what became of Jakob Hofbauer; he is rumored to have died in the late 1950s.[36]
6. Howard Marco is listed at 58 years old on 9 May 1942. As such, Marco was either born in 1883 or 1884.
7. Yvonne's friends stated that she died in the 1970s (according to Stephen Cox).[75]
8. Nels was interviewed in the 1993 documentary "We're off to see the munchkins".[78]
9. Raabe certifies the death of the Wicked Witch of the East.

References

1. Lyman Frank Baum; Martin Gardner (2000). The Annotated Wizard of Oz: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 39. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
2. Corinna Erhard: Das Münchner Kindl auf dem Rathaus – wer stand Modell? In: Corinna Erhard: München in 50 Antworten. München-Verlag, München 2011, ISBN 978-3-937090-57-3, S. 16.
3. Emily and Per Ola d'Aulaire, "Mannequins: our fantasy figures of high fashion," Smithsonian, Vol. 22, no. 1, April 1991
4. Fisher, Jill A. (Spring 2006). "Investigating the Barons: narrative and nomenclature in Munchausen syndrome". Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 49 (2): 250–62. doi:10.1353/pbm.2006.0024. PMID 16702708.
5. Jack Snow, Who's Who in Oz, Chicago, Reilly & Lee, 1954; New York, Peter Bedrick Books, 1988; p. 144.
6. Fricke, Stillman, Scarfone. The Wizard of Oz: The 50th Anniversary Pictorial History
7. "Chicago Theater Collection – Historic Programs: Grand Opera House, Wizard of Oz". 27 July 1902. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
8. Mark Evan Swartz (2002). Oz Before the Rainbow. JHU Press. ISBN 9780801870927. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
9. Matthew Freeman (3 November 2016). Historicising Transmedia Storytelling: Early Twentieth-Century Transmedia Story Worlds. Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 9781315439501.
10. "Wizard of Oz Notes". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
11. "Margaret Pellegrini dies at 89; actress played Munchkin in 'Oz'". Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
12. Harmetz, Aljean (2013). The Making of the Wizard of Oz (75th Anniversary Updated ed.). Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-1613748329.
13. "IOWA'S MUNCHKIN: Paullin Sets The Record Straight". whotv.com. 10 April 2013. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
14. Roger Catlin (4 July 2002). "We're Off To Sing The Wizard". Hartford Courant. Archived from the original on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
15. Jay Scarfone, William Stillman (June 2004). The Wizardry of Oz: The Artistry and Magic of the 1939 M-G-M Classic. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 9781617748431.
16. Rob White, Edward Buscombe (2003). British Film Institute Film Classics, Volume 1. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781579583286. Retrieved 2 February 2014.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
17. Greg Gillette (3 March 2015). "Four Feet Tall and Searching". cnhillsborough.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
18. Scarfone, Jay (2004). The Wizardry of Oz: The Artistry and Magic of the 1939 M-G-M Classic. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 240. ISBN 1557836248.
19. Rushdie, Salman (1992). The Wizard of Oz. Macmillan. p. 67. ISBN 0851703003.
20. "Munchkins of 'Oz' get a star on Walk of Fame". USA Today. 21 November 2007. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
21. "Munchkin Mayor's famed 'Oz' vest displayed at Chicagoland casino". nwitimes.com. 17 November 2007. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
22. "Little People". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 25 September 1949. p. 140.
23. "1938 Midget Jamboree". phreeque.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
24. "Billboard Mar 17, 1945". Billboard Magazine. 17 March 1945. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
25. Jessica Pope (22 September 2009). "At 70, 'The Wizard of Oz' still not old". valdostadailytimes.com. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
26. "Mickey Carroll Obituary". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
27. "Billboard Sep 19, 1953". Billboard Magazine. 19 September 1953. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
28. "EX-ACTOR THOMAS J. COTTONARO, A 'WIZARD OF OZ' MUNCHKIN, DIES". Highbeam. 9 February 2001. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
29. Philip Potempa (11 May 2008). "'Wizard of Oz' Munchkin soldier Lewis Croft dead at age 88". nwitimes.com. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
30. "Nate Eagle's Hollywood Midgets". Archived from the original on 8 December 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
31. "Frank H. Cucksey Obituary". Sarasota Herald. 18 September 1984. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
32. Burt A. Folkart (12 November 1988). "Actor, Double : Billy Curtis; Midget Had Film Career". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
33. Ron Baxley Jr. (26 July 2015). "Two 'Munchkins' actors in 'Wizard of Oz' worked at SRP". thetandd.com. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
34. "Prince Denis, 84, Performer Who Played Munchkin Mayor". The New York Times. 24 June 1984. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
35. Obituaries (12/25/68). The Arizona Republic. 25 December 1968. p. 54.
36. Cox, Stephen (2002). The Munchkins of Oz. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 11, 37, 39, 41, 77, 141, 145, 146, 151, 155–156, 158, 160, 163, 166–167, 172, 173–174. ISBN 1581822693.
37. Kathee Yamamoto (9 June 1985). "Remembering Life Over the Rainbow : Former Munchkin Returns to Oz". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
38. "Tiny Doll". The Daily Telegraph. 15 September 2004. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
39. Edwin L. Carpenter (27 November 2007). "The Munchkins of Oz: Exclusive Dove Interviews (Part 2)". dove.org. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
40. "Munchkin actress Ruth Duccini dies at 95". BBC. 17 January 2014. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
41. "The Final Curtain". Billboard Magazine. 21 April 1958. p. 61. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
42. Howard Reich (18 March 1991). "50 Years After Entering Oz, 2 Munchkins Still Step Along The Yellow Brick Road". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
43. David J. Hogan (June 2014). The Wizard of Oz FAQ: All That's Left to Know About Life, According to Oz. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 9781480397194.
44. "A Munchkin soldier's jacket from The Wizard of Oz". bonhams.com. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
45. "Capt. Jack Glicken, Exposition, 1935". ibase.sdsu.edu. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
46. Jamie Ward (8 May 2014). "Return to Oz with Plenty of Munchkins for Company". geaugamapleleaf.com. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
47. Philip Potempa (12 September 2008). "Reader proud of family roots to famed 'Oz' Munchkin". nwitimes.com. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
48. Philip Potempa (12 September 2008). "Reader proud of family roots to famed 'Oz' Munchkin". Times of Northwest Indiana. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
49. Marc Hartzman (21 September 2006). American Sideshow: An Encyclopedia of History's Most Wondrous and Curiously Strange Performers. Penguin Group USA. pp. 191–. ISBN 978-1-58542-530-3.
50. "Major Mite". Ripley's Believe It or Not!. 13 September 2011. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
51. "The Final Curtain". Billboard Magazine. 10 March 1945. p. 33. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
52. Per records at Green Lawn Cemetery in Columbus, OH James R. Hulse IV died in 1964 and is buried in section 106
53. "Little Lord Robert cabinet card, signed in 1908 midget in Wizard of Oz". pbagalleries.com. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
54. "Circus Midget Dies in Mexico". Retrieved 22 January 2014.
55. "Willi Koestner photo". liveauctiongroup.net. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
56. "Eddie Adams "Munchkin Fiddler" orange jacket designed". liveauctioneers.com. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
57. "Wizard of Oz Munchkin Costume: Joseph Koziel". icollector.com. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
58. "Obituaries". Arizona Republic. 10 April 1993. p. 92. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
59. "Nita Krebs". Variety magazine. 28 January 1991. Archived from the original on 3 May 2016.
60. "Jeane La Barbera and Robert Drake". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
61. "John Leal; Played Munchkin in 'Wizard of Oz'". Los Angeles Times. 12 November 1996. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
62. "Come out, come out, wherever you are. A memorable munchkin from The Wizard of Oz". pastimes13.wordpress.com. Archived from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
63. "Midgets Break Ground for their City". sideshowworld.com. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
64. "Two Killed When Sedan Skids into Bus on Bay Bridge; Midget Hit, Dies; Fatal Heart Attack Follows Auto Crash". Oakland Tribune. 1 April 1941. p. 19. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
65. San Diego Union 5 January 1959 p b5
66. Scarfone, Jay (2004). The Wizardry of Oz: The Artistry and Magic of the 1939 M-G-M Classic. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 248. ISBN 1557836248.
67. "The Final Curtain". Billboard Magazine. 2 July 1955. p. 51. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
68. "RB Registrants, 45–65, Get Big Play in Met Press". Billboard Magazine. 9 May 1942. p. 40.
69. "OFFBEAT: 'Wizard of Oz' Munchkin's wife, Elizabeth Maren, dead at 69". Retrieved 22 January 2014.
70. "Jerry Maren, Who Sang and Danced as a Munchkin in Oz, Dies at 98". The New York Times. 6 June 2018.
71. Shortest Twins. Guinness World Records. 30 April 2013. ISBN 9780345547118.
72. "Full text of "Billboard" June 12, 1954". Billboard Magazine. 12 June 1954. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
73. Kim (13 November 2012). "The Los Angeles Prosperity Carnival and Indoor Fair of 1915". insroland.org. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
74. "Wizard of Oz 'Munchkin' dies aged 95". BBC News. 1 January 2000. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016.
75. Stephen Cox (1989). The Munchkins Remember: "The Wizard of Oz" and Beyond. E.P. Dutton. p. 64. ISBN 9780525484868. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
76. "The "MGM" Munchkins". Kansasoz. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
77. "Obituaries May 5, 1994". Los Angeles Times. 5 May 1994. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
78. "LITTLE PEOPLE…HUMONGOUS HEARTS – Part Five". OZ Museum. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
79. Scott Wilson (19 August 2016). Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed. McFarland. p. 549. ISBN 9781476625997.
80. Wendy Richter (22 August 2015). "Local man appeared in Wizard of Oz". thegurdontimes.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
81. Hannah Pearce (8 December 2016). "Franklin Haltom O'Baugh: A Short Biography". scholarlycommons.obu.edu. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
82. "Margaret Pellegrini dies at 89; actress played Munchkin in 'Oz'". Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
83. Mark W. Maxwell (2010). Egg Harbor City. Arcadia Publishing. p. 125. ISBN 9780738565729.
84. Fox, Margalit (9 April 2010). "Meinhardt Raabe, Famous Munchkin, Is Dead at 94". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
85. Michelle Miller (30 August 2003). "'Oz' film actor never measured stature in inches". St. Petersburg Times. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
86. "Travel Ban Lifted for German Midget". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. 13 January 1942. p. 17. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
87. Hank Davis. Classic Cliffhangers: Volume 1 1914–1940. Midnight Marquee & BearManor Media.
88. John Willis (June 1983). Screen World 1968. Biblo & Tannen Publishers. p. 238. ISBN 9780819603098.
89. Walter Bodin, Burnet Hershey (1934). It's a Small World: All about Midgets. Coward-McCann. p. 289.
90. "Roka Dies; Famous Midget". Sarasota News. 4 December 1954. p. 13. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
91. "Wojnarski family midgets". phreeque.com. Archived from the original on 26 September 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
92. "Hello Again" (PDF). otrr.org. May 1979. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 April 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
93. "Munchkins Get Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame". Fox News. 21 November 2007. Archived from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
94. "Karl Slover dies at 93; among the last of the Munchkins". Los Angeles Times. 17 November 2011. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
95. "Elmer Spangler professes". Detroit Free Press. 22 August 1933. p. 1. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
96. "The Midget Club". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
97. Banta, Bob (26 February 2009). "Former Munchkin dies at 91". Austin-American Statesman. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
98. "8 Munchkins Find There Is No Place Like Kansas". Orlando Sentinel. 10 May 1992. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
99. "Midget actor appeared in 'Wizard of Oz'". Variety. 2 March 1998. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
100. North Dakota State University. "Harvey Williams with William and Dorothy Haverstraw, Rugby, N.D." Digital Horizons. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
101. Harris M. Lentz III (24 October 2008). Obituaries in the Performing Arts, 1999. McFarland. p. 239. ISBN 9780786452040.
102. Debbie L. Sklar (11 May 2011). "Life Beyond the Yellow Brick Road". patch.com. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
103. Debbie L. Sklar (17 November 2011). "Local 'Wizard of Oz' Child Actress Remembers Munchkin, Karl Slover, 93, Who Died Tuesday". patch.com. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
104. Cox, Stephen (2 December 2008). "Child actors recall joining Munchkin ranks in 'Oz'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
105. "Meet Joan Kenmore who once danced on the yellow brick road". allvoices.com. Archived from the original on 28 November 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
106. Dianne Reber Hart (24 October 2019). "One of last living Munchkins reflects from her home in Sonoma". Sonoma News.
107. "'The Wizard of Oz' 3D Screening in LA". Retrieved 22 January 2014.
108. "Memories & Candles". tributes.com. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
109. Dee Dunheim (18 September 2013). "She was a child munchkin". NWI Times. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
110. "Eva Feldman". Las Vegas Review Journal. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
111. Atreides, Paul (4 June 2015). "Farewell to a friend whose star never faded". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
112. "Actress, former "munchkin." dead at 61". Great Falls Tribune. 20 August 1991. p. 8. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
113. "Rae-Nell Laskey during the filming of Wizard of Oz". Ancestry.com. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
114. "Shirley Ann Kennedy Vegors Obituary". legacy.com. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
115. Stephen Cox (1989). The Munchkins Remember: "The Wizard of Oz" and Beyond. E.P. Dutton. p. 37. ISBN 9780525484868. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
116. "Wizard of Oz (MUNY 1945)". Tams–Witmark Music Library. 2005. Archived from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2011.