Motuara Island

Motuara Island is a scenic and historical reserve that lies at the entrance to Totaranui / Queen Charlotte Sound.[1] It is notable for the actions of James Cook. During HMS Endeavour's stay at nearby Meretoto / Ship Cove, Cook climbed to the summit of Motuara, and formally (and controversially) claimed it and the adjacent lands in the name of and for the use of the sovereign of the British Empire.[2][3][4]

Motuara Island
The wooden lookout tower on the summit of Motuara Island, near to where, in 1770, Captain Cook proclaimed British sovereignty over Queen Charlotte Sound
Geography
LocationMarlborough Sounds
Coordinates41°05.5′S 174°16.5′E
Highest elevation128 m (420 ft)
Administration
Department of Conservation (New Zealand)
Demographics
Population0
Additional information
Bird sanctuary

The island is 59 hectares (150 acres) in size. Motu means island and ara is a path; hence, Motuara literally means the island in the path (of the canoes).[5]

Māori activity at the time of Cook's visits

The entrance to Totaranui / Queen Charlotte Sound area was an important point of arrival and departure for the steady flow of trading waka (canoes) crossing Cook Strait, and Motuara Island was a staging post for people and goods crossing the strait, as well as a trading post for pounamu (jade) and pakohe (argillite).[6]

People resided in kāinga (unfortified villages) near food gathering and growing places. Although the residents enjoyed long periods of peace, due to its strategic location over the years different tribal groups contested, fought and merged there; hence, the fortified pā upon a partly attached rocky islet off the south east point of Motuara Island. Whenever trade opportunities or strife loomed, people gathered at the pā.[7] Today this islet is called Hippah Island, after the early British use of the word "Hippah" for any fortified Māori site. The islets cliffs provided protection in times of skirmishes.[6]

At the time HMS Endeavour sailed into the sound, Motuara's chief was an elderly man named Topaa. He and his people paddled waka out from the pā and encircled the ship.[8] In terms of first contact, it was friendly and prolonged encounter, smoothed by Tupaia, the Tahitian priest and interpreter.

As Cook wrote in his journal:

The inhabitants of this place invited us ashore with their usual Marks of Friendship, and shew'd us all over the place; which indeed was soon done, for it was very small, yet it contain'd a good number of people, and they had in it, Split and hanging up to dry, a prodidgious quantity of various sorts of small fish, a part of which they sold to us for such Trifles as we had about us.

— James Cook, Cook's Journal: Daily Entries, [9]

During one of Topaa and Tupaia’s conversations, Topaa said his ancestors came from Hawaiki. This is the same place that Tupaia came from.[8]

Cook estimated the population in the Motuara, Ship Cove, Anahou area to number 300 to 400 hundred.  He wrote:[7]

… they leive desperse'd along the Shore in search of their daly bread which is fish and firn roots for they cultivate not no part of the lands… This people are poor when compared to many we have seen and their Canoes are mean and without orament, the little traffick we had with them was wholy for fish for we saw little else they had to o dispose of, they seem'd to have some knowlidge of Iron for they very readily took Nails in exchange for fish

— James Cook, Cook's Descriptions of Places

Cook's exploration and claim

During Endeavour's stay at nearby Meretoto / Ship Cove, James Cook and his crew explored and charted the sound, including Motuara Island. On 31 January 1770, Cook and his officers erected a flag post on the summit of the island, hoisted the Union Jack, and claimed Queen Charlotte Sound for his king.

Prior to the flag raising ceremony, Cook sought and gained permission from the Topaa and his people to put a mark on the island to prove that the British had been there.[2] It is a matter of conjecture whether or not Cook overstepped his sealed orders from the British Admiralty, which read:

You are also with the Consent of the Natives to take Possession of Convenient Situations in the Country in the Name of the King of Great Britain: Or: if you find the Country uninhabited take Possession for his Majesty by setting up Proper Marks and Inscriptions, as first discoverers and possessors

— British Admiralty, Cook's secret orders, [10]

The way this act was commemorated on its 150th, 200th, and 250th anniversaries is an illustration of Cook’s changing legacy in New Zealand.

On the 150th anniversary, a cairn was unveiled on the summit by the "Captain Cook Memorial Committee" to mark the occasion.[11][12] The plaque on the cairn records that:

On 31st January 1770, the famous circumnavigator, in the presence of the native chief of the island raised the British Flag, took possession of the mainland in the name of King George III and named the inlet Queen Charlotte Sound after the King’s consort

Fifty years after that, around the time of the 200th anniversary, working parties from various local clubs built a lookout tower.[13] The platform grants panoramic views over the sound and out to Cook Strait.

Fifty years later, an interpretation panel put up as part of the 250th commemorations - presumably the Department of Conservation (New Zealand) and in consultation with local iwi (tribes) - tells the wider story, acknowledging all peoples "who have travelled to this special place".[2]

After the flag raising ceremony, the party drank a toast to Queen Charlotte’s health and gave the empty bottle to Topaa, who, in Cook’s words, "was highly pleased". "You have to wonder though", poses the panel, "if Tapaa ever dreamed of what Cook’s actions would eventually mean for his people". Its goes on the say that Cook revisited the sound five times. He and other voyagers, such as Fabian von Bellingshausen, used Motuara as a lookout, observatory, signal station and garden.

Flora and fauna

The once abundant native birds and bush-covered hills were much-admired by all.[14] Cook's men planted vegetable gardens on Motuara; however, on his return, he noted in his journal:

… we found almost in a state of nature, having been wholly neglected by the inhabitants. Nevertheless, many articles were in a flourishing condition, and shewed how well they liked the soil in which they were planted

— James Cook, A Voyage Towards the South Pole and Round the World Volume 2, [15]

Vegetables were resown by Tobias Furneaux on the HMS Adventure after the ship separated from Cook on the HMS Resolution.[16]. His garden thrived and provided much needed sustenance for the crew of returning ships.[17]. Overtime seeds from this garden was spread around New Zealand,[14]

From the mid-1800s, the more vegetation was cleared by people from nearby Anahou to make way for gardens.[18] By the early 1900s much of the remaining vegetation was eaten by quarantined angora goats and over time, by farmed sheep.[1] All stock were removed in 1925, and the island was declared a scenic and historical reserve in 1976. Since rats were eradicated in 1991, the forest has regenerated itself, and today, the island is home to native birds, reptiles and insect, and a crèche for Okarito kiwi chicks.[19] Being pest-free has meant that robin, saddleback, grey warbler, bellbird, tui and fantail could be reintroduced.[20][21]

gollark: It's kind of incoherent to say "free speech is bad" and also "I should be allowed free speech" at the same time.
gollark: I mean, you are DEFINITELY more free to say things than in North Korea or China.
gollark: That doesn't mean it'll *always happen*.
gollark: It's not "don't align with your interests" as much as "egregiously oppress people".
gollark: * would be

See also

References
  1. Department of Conservation. "Motuara Island Scenic Reserve". DOC. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  2. He Tūtakitanga A Meeting of Cultures (Interpretation panel on summit of the island). Motuara: Department of Conservation. 2020.
  3. Eder, Jennifer (14 March 2019). "Meretoto / Ship Cove in Marlborough Sounds added to Heritage New Zealand list". Stuff. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  4. Cook, James (31 January 1770). "Cook's Journal: Daily Entries". National Library of Australia. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  5. Lucas, P.H.C. (1965). The Marlborough Sounds scenic and historic reserves : a handbook for visitors. Blenheim, N.Z. : Ship Cove and Queen Charlotte Sound Reserves board, Pelorus and Kenepuru Sound Reserves Board. p. 19.
  6. Motuara Pā (Interpretation panel above Hippah Island). Motuara: Department of Conservation. 2020.
  7. Cook, James (January 1770). "Voyaging Accounts: Cook's Descriptions of Places - Queen Charlotte Sound". NLA. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  8. Druett, Joan (2011). Tupaia: Captain Cook's Polynesian navigator. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger an imprint of ABD-CLIO. ISBN 9780313387487.
  9. http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17700126.html
  10. http://jamescook250.org/cooks-secret-orders-revealed/
  11. McKinnon, Malcolm. "Marlborough places: Islands". TeAra. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  12. "Cook Cairn". Captain Cook Society. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  13. Keith Murray and, Baron Ralph von Kohorn (1986). Sounds Cruising Guide. Wellington: Steven William Publications.
  14. "Weeds of agriculture: Motuara Island, Queen Charlotte Sound". Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  15. http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/15869/pg15869-images.html
  16. "Cook's Journal January - March 1777". Captain Cook Society. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  17. Totaranui 250 Trust. "Dual heritage / shared future". Tuai 250 Totaranui Marlborough. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  18. After Cook’s visit (Interpretation panel by the monument). Ship Cove: Department of Conservation.
  19. He ao huri, he ao hou A Time of Change (Signage near the wharf). Motuara: Department of Conservation. 2020.
  20. Ngā Manu o Motuara Birds of Motuara (Interpretation panels at the bird viewing station along the walkway). Motuara: Department of Conservation. 2020.
  21. Jamieson, Ian G (January 2008). "Map of Motuara Island". ResearchGate. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
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