Montipora

Montipora
	Montipora aequituberculata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Cnidaria
Class:	Anthozoa
Order:	Scleractinia
Family:	Acroporidae
Genus:	Montipora; Blainville, 1830[1][2]
Synonyms[1]
	Manopora Dana, 1846;

Montipora is a genus of Scleractinian corals in the phylum Cnidaria. Members of the genus Montipora may exhibit many different growth morphologies. With eighty five known species,[1] Montipora is the second most species rich coral genus after Acropora.[3]

Description

Near Magnetic Island

Growth morphologies for the genus Montipora include submassive, laminar, foliaceous, encrusting, and branching.[4][5] It is not uncommon for a single Montipora colony to display more than one growth morphology.[5] Healthy Montipora corals can be a variety of colors, including orange, brown, pink, green, blue, purple, yellow, grey, or tan.[5] Although they are typically uniform in color, some species, such as Montipora spumosa or Montipora verrucosa, may display a mottled appearance.[5]

Montipora corals have the smallest corallites of any coral family.[5] Columellae are not present.[5] Coenosteum and corallite walls are porous, which can result in elaborate structures.[5] The coenosteum of each Montipora species is different, making it useful for identification.[5] Polyps are typically only extended at night.[5]

Montipora corals are commonly mistaken for members of the genus Porites based on their visual similarities, however, Porites can be distinguished from Montipora by examining the structure of the corallites.[5]

Distribution

Montipora corals are common on reefs and lagoons of the Red Sea, the western Indian Ocean and the southern Pacific Ocean, but are entirely absent in the Atlantic Ocean.[4]

Ecology

Montipora corals are hermaphroditic broadcast spawners.[6] Spawning typically happens in spring.[6] The eggs of Montipora corals already contain zooxanthellae, so none is obtained from the environment.[6][7] This process is known as direct or vertical transmission.[3]

Montipora corals are preyed upon by corallivorous fish, such as butterflyfish.[8] Montipora corals are known to host endo- and ectoparasites such as Allopodion mirum and Xarifia extensa.[1] A currently undescribed species of nudibranch in the genus Phestilla has also been reported in the scientific and aquarium hobbyist literature to feed on the genus [9].

Montipora corals are susceptible to the same stresses as other Scleractinian corals, such as anthropogenic pollution, sediment, algal growth, and other competitive organisms.[6]

Evolutionary history

A 2007 study found that the genus Montipora formed a strongly supported clade with Anacropora, making it the genus with the closest genetic relationship to Montipora.[10] It is thought that Anacropora evolved from Montipora relatively recently.[7]

Gallery

Montipora capricornis
Polyps of Montipora aequituberculata
Montipora aequituberculata colonies near Ningaloo Reef
Montipora caliculata
Branching colony of Montipora capitata in Hawaii
Encrusting colony of Montipora capitata
Polyps of Montipora danae
Montipora ehrenbergii
Montipora grisea
Montipora hispida
Polyps of Montipora hispida
Polyps of Montipora monasteriata
Montipora nodosa
Montipora tuberculosa
Montipora verrucosa at Birch Aquarium in San Diego, CA

Species

Montipora aequituberculata Bernard, 1897
Montipora altasepta Nemenzo, 1967
Montipora angulata Lamarck, 1816
Montipora aspergillus Veron, DeVantier & Turak, 2000
Montipora australiensis Bernard, 1897
Montipora biformis Nemenzo, 1988
Montipora cactus Bernard, 1897
Montipora calcarea Bernard, 1897
Montipora calculata Dana, 1846
Montipora capitata Dana, 1846
Montipora capricornis Veron, 1985
Montipora cebuensis Nemenzo, 1976
Montipora circumvallata Ehrenberg, 1834
Montipora cocosensis Vaughan, 1918
Montipora confusa Nemenzo, 1967
Montipora conspicua Nemenzo, 1979
Montipora contorta Nemenzo & Montecillo, 1981
Montipora corbettensis Veron & Wallace, 1984
Montipora crassituberculata Bernard, 1897
Montipora cryptus Veron, 2000
Montipora danae Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851
Montipora delicatula Veron, 2000
Montipora digitata Dana, 1846
Montipora dilatata Studer, 1901
Montipora echinata Veron, DeVantier & Turak, 2000
Montipora edwardsi Bernard, 1897
Montipora efflorescens Bernard, 1897
Montipora effusa Dana, 1846
Montipora ehrenbergi Verrill, 1872
Montipora explanata Brüggemann, 1879
Montipora flabellata Studer, 1901
Montipora florida Nemenzo, 1967
Montipora floweri Wells, 1954
Montipora foliosa Pallas, 1766
Montipora foveolata Dana, 1846
Montipora friabilis Bernard, 1897
Montipora gaimardi Bernard, 1897
Montipora gracilis Klunzinger, 1879
Montipora grisea Bernard, 1897
Montipora hemispherica Veron, 2000
Montipora hirsuta Nemenzo, 1967
Montipora hispida Dana, 1846
Montipora hodgsoni Veron, 2000
Montipora hoffmeisteri Wells, 1954
Montipora incrassata Dana, 1846
Montipora informis Bernard, 1897
Montipora kellyi Veron, 2000
Montipora lobulata Bernard, 1897
Montipora mactanensis Nemenzo, 1979
Montipora malampaya Nemenzo, 1967
Montipora maldivensis Pillai & Scheer, 1976
Montipora manauliensis Pillai, 1967
Montipora meandrina Ehrenberg, 1834
Montipora millepora Crossland, 1952
Montipora mollis Bernard, 1897
Montipora monasteriata Forskåi, 1775
Montipora niugini Veron, 2000
Montipora nodosa Dana, 1846
Montipora orientalis Nemenzo, 1967
Montipora pachytuberculata Veron, DeVantier & Turak
Montipora palawanensis Veron, 2000
Montipora patula Verrill, 1870
Montipora peltiformis Bernard, 1897
Montipora porites Veron, 2000
Montipora samarensis Nemenzo, 1967
Montipora saudii Veron, DeVantier & Turak
Montipora setosa Nemenzo, 1976
Montipora sinuosa Pillai & Scheer, 1976
Montipora spongiosa Ehrenberg, 1834
Montipora spongodes Bernard, 1897
Montipora spumosa Lamarck, 1816
Montipora stellata Bernard, 1897
Montipora stilosa
Montipora suvadivae Pillai & Scheer, 1976
Montipora taiwanensis Veron, 2000
Montipora tortuosa Dana, 1846
Montipora tuberculosa Lamarck, 1816
Montipora turgescens Bernard, 1897
Montipora turtlensis Veron & Wallace, 1984
Montipora undata Bernard, 1897
Montipora venosa Ehrenberg, 1834
Montipora verrilli Vaughan, 1907
Montipora verrucosa Lamarck, 1816
Montipora verruculosa Veron, 2000
Montipora vietnamensis Veron, 2000

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References

World Register of Marine Species link: Montipora Blainville, 1830 (+species list)
"Montipora". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
van Oppen, Madeleine J.H. (2004). "Mode of zooxanthella transmission does not affect zooxanthella diversity in acroporid corals". Marine Biology. 144: 1–7. doi:10.1007/s00227-003-1187-4.
Van Oppen, M.J.H; Koolmees, E.M.; J.E.N, Veron (2004). "Patterns of evolution in the scleractinian coral genus Montipora (Acrroporidae)". Marine Biology. 144: 9–18. doi:10.1007/s00227-003-1188-3.
Veron, J.E.N (1986). Corals of Australia and the Indo-Pacific. London: Angus & Robertson Publishers. pp. 92–121.
Richmond, Robert (1997). Reproduction and Recruitment in Corals. pp. 175–197.
Fukami, Hironobu; Omari, Makoto; Hatta, Masayuki (2000). "Phylogenetic relationships in the coral family Acroporidae, reassessed by inference from mitochondrial genes". Zoological Science. 17 (5): 689–696. doi:10.2108/zsj.17.689. PMID 18517306.
Berumen, Michael; Pratchett, Morgan S. (2006). "Recovery without resilience: persistent disturbance and long-term shifts in the structure of fish and coral communities at Tiahura reef, Moorea". Coral Reefs. 25 (4): 647–653. doi:10.1007/s00338-006-0145-2.
Fritts-Penniman, Allison Louise (2016). "Ecological Speciation and Cryptic Diversity of Coral-Associated Nudibranchs". UCLA. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
Wallace, C.C; et al. (2007). "Recognition of separate genera within Acropora based on new morphological, reproductive, and genetic evidence from Acropora togianensis, and elevation of the subgenus Isopora Studer, 1878 to genus (Scleractinia: Astrocoeniidae; Acroporidae)". Coral Reefs. 26 (2): 231–239. doi:10.1007/s00338-007-0203-4.

Marine Life Wikiproject

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[WRMS-1] World Register of Marine Species link: Montipora Blainville, 1830 (+species list)

[2] "Montipora". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.

[Oppen-3] van Oppen, Madeleine J.H. (2004). "Mode of zooxanthella transmission does not affect zooxanthella diversity in acroporid corals". Marine Biology. 144: 1–7. doi:10.1007/s00227-003-1187-4.

[Patterns-4] Van Oppen, M.J.H; Koolmees, E.M.; J.E.N, Veron (2004). "Patterns of evolution in the scleractinian coral genus Montipora (Acrroporidae)". Marine Biology. 144: 9–18. doi:10.1007/s00227-003-1188-3.

[OfAus-5] Veron, J.E.N (1986). Corals of Australia and the Indo-Pacific. London: Angus & Robertson Publishers. pp. 92–121.

[Richmond-6] Richmond, Robert (1997). Reproduction and Recruitment in Corals. pp. 175–197.

[fukami-7] Fukami, Hironobu; Omari, Makoto; Hatta, Masayuki (2000). "Phylogenetic relationships in the coral family Acroporidae, reassessed by inference from mitochondrial genes". Zoological Science. 17 (5): 689–696. doi:10.2108/zsj.17.689. PMID 18517306.

[tiahura-8] Berumen, Michael; Pratchett, Morgan S. (2006). "Recovery without resilience: persistent disturbance and long-term shifts in the structure of fish and coral communities at Tiahura reef, Moorea". Coral Reefs. 25 (4): 647–653. doi:10.1007/s00338-006-0145-2.

[9] Fritts-Penniman, Allison Louise (2016). "Ecological Speciation and Cryptic Diversity of Coral-Associated Nudibranchs". UCLA. Retrieved 21 June 2019.

[Acro-10] Wallace, C.C; et al. (2007). "Recognition of separate genera within Acropora based on new morphological, reproductive, and genetic evidence from Acropora togianensis, and elevation of the subgenus Isopora Studer, 1878 to genus (Scleractinia: Astrocoeniidae; Acroporidae)". Coral Reefs. 26 (2): 231–239. doi:10.1007/s00338-007-0203-4.