Free-tailed bat

The Molossidae, or free-tailed bats, are a family of bats within the order Chiroptera.[1] The Molossidae comprise the fourth-largest family of bats, containing about 110 species as of 2012.[2] They are generally quite robust, and consist of many strong-flying forms with relatively long and narrow wings with wrinkled lips shared through their genus.[3] Their strong flying forms allows them to fly 60 miles per hour using tail winds and at altitudes over 10,000 feet.[3] This makes them unique compared to any other bat as they are the only bat who withstand the elevation. They are widespread, being found on every continent except Antarctica. They are typically found in some in caves, abandoned mines, or tunnels.[3]

Free-tailed bats
Temporal range: Late Eocene to recent
Unidentified molossid: Note that the tail extends beyond the uropatagium
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Chiroptera
Superfamily: Vespertilionoidea
Family: Molossidae
Gervais in de Castelnau, 1855
Subfamilies

Molossinae
Tomopeatinae

Common ancestry

The family's scientific name comes from the type genus Molossus, which in turn is from the Molossus breed of dogs.[4]

The family's common name is derived from a length of "free" tail, projecting beyond the end of the uropatagium—the membrane that connects the base of the tail to the hind legs.

Another common name for some members of this group, and indeed a few species from other families, is mastiff bat. The western mastiff bat (Eumops perotis), a large species from the southwestern United States and Mexico with wings over 0.5 m (1.6 ft) across, is perhaps one of the best known with this name. They are widespread, being found on every continent except Antarctica.

Anatomy

The tail is usually best seen when resting. A special ring of cartilage slides up or down the tail vertebrae by muscular action to stretch or retract the tail membrane. This gives many species a degree of fine tuning in their flight maneuvers to rival their day-flying ecological equivalents, such as swifts, swallows, and martins. As a result, these animals include the fastest-flying of all bat species among their number.[5] The dental formula of free-tailed bats varies between species: 1.1.1-2.2-31-3.1.2.3

Free-tailed bats are usually grey, brown, or black in color, with some exceptions. They range from 4 to 12 cm (1.6 to 4.7 in) in length, excluding the tail, and can weigh from 8 to 220 g (0.28 to 7.76 oz), depending on species. They are insectivorous, and catch their food on the wing. While some species roost in small groups in hollow trees or rocky crevices, some cave-dwelling species form vast colonies of up to 50 million individuals.[5]

Molecular sequence data support the monophyly of the Molossidae as a whole, but not that of many of its genera, such as Chaerephon, Mops, Mormopterus, and Tadarida. The grouping of Chaerephon minus C. jobimena plus Mops was found to be monophyletic, as was Otomops.[6]

Systematics
Molossinae
 

Cheiromeles

 
 
 

Mormopterus

 
 
Old World species
 
 
 
 

Sauromys

 
 

Tadarida

 
 
 

Tadarida

 
 
 
 
 

Myopterus

 
 
 

Chaerephon

 
 
 

Chaerephon

 
 

Mops

 
 
 
 
 

Otomops

 
 
 
New World species
 
 

Nyctinomops

 
 
 

Neoplatymops

 
 
 

Cynomops

 
 

Molossops

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Promops

 
 

Molossus

 
 
 
 

Eumops

 
 
 
 
 
 
Internal relationship of Molossinae[2]

A 2012 study attempted to show the relationships of genera within the subfamily Molossinae (the other subfamily of Molossidae, Tomopeatinae, only contains the blunt-eared bat).[2] This study used genetic data to create a phylogeny, which contrasted from previous phylogenies constructed using morphological data. Traits that were previously used to group species, such as having a flat skull, were shown to have no relation to evolutionary relationship, meaning that flat-headedness evolved multiple times within the family. Of the 16 genera of Molossinae, 15 were used to create the phylogeny (left), with researchers unable to include Peters's flat-headed bat, the only member of Platymops.

The results of this study showed that Chaerephon is paraphyletic, forming a clade with Mops. There was strong support for Old World and New World clades. While the genus Tadarida has one New World species, the Mexican free-tailed bat, the genus itself has its origins in the Old World. The most recent common ancestor of Tadarida with New World genera was 29 million years ago. Several tribes have been proposed within the Molossinae. Ammerman et al. proposed Molossini (containing Molossus, Eumops, Molossops, Cynomops, Neoplatymops, Nyctinomops, and Promops); Tadarini (containing Tadarida, Chaerephon, Mops, Platymops, Sauromys, Myopterus, and Otomops); Cheiromelini (containing Cheiromeles); and Mormopterini (containing Mormopterus)[2]

Classification

The 18 genera contain about 100 species:

FAMILY MOLOSSIDAE

  • Genus †Cuvierimops[7]
  • Genus †Nyctinomus[8]
  • Genus †Potamops[9]
  • Genus †Rhizomops[10]
  • Genus †Wallia[11]
gollark: Less good than they otherwise would be, yes, but not exactly to the point that it'll be awful in 50 years or something like that.
gollark: I don't think any of the IPCC climate change scenarios actually have stuff like poverty and wealth and whatever getting *worse* on average, though.
gollark: Ah yes, the very trustworthy Wikipedia list of greenhouse gases mentions this "nitrogen dioxide".
gollark: I see.
gollark: I do not really biology. Please explain.

References
  1. Simmons, Nancy B. (2005). "Chiroptera". In Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 312–529. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  2. Ammerman, L. K.; Lee, D. N.; Tipps, T. M. (2012). "First molecular phylogenetic insights into the evolution of free-tailed bats in the subfamily Molossinae (Molossidae, Chiroptera)". Journal of Mammalogy. 93 (1): 12–28. doi:10.1644/11-MAMM-A-103.1.
  3. "BATS Magazine Article: THE LIVES OF Mexican Free-tailed Bats". www.batcon.org. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  4. Skinner, J. D.; Chimimba, C. T. (2006). The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 277. ISBN 978-0521844185. The name of the [free-tailed bats] family is derived from the Greek molossus, a kind of dog used by Greek shepherds in ancient times
  5. Macdonald, D., ed. (1984). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. p. 807. ISBN 978-0-87196-871-5.
  6. Lamb, J. M.; Ralph, T. M. C.; Naidoo, T.; Taylor, P. J.; Ratrimomanarivo, F.; Stanley, W. T.; Goodman, S. M. (June 2011). "Toward a Molecular Phylogeny for the Molossidae (Chiroptera) of the Afro-Malagasy Region". Acta Chiropterologica. 13 (1): 1–16. doi:10.3161/150811011X578589.
  7. Cuvierimops at Fossilworks.org
  8. Nyctinomus at Fossilworks.org
  9. Czaplewski, N. J. (1997). "Chiroptera". In Kay, R. F.; Madden, R. H.; Cifelli, R. L.; Flynn, J. J. (eds.). Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 410–431. ISBN 9781560984184.
  10. Rhizomops at Fossilworks.org
  11. Wallia at Fossilworks.org
  12. Gardner, Alfred L. (2008). Mammals of South America: Marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats. University of Chicago Press. p. 669. ISBN 978-0-226-28240-4.

Further reading
  • Corbet, G. B.; Hill, J. E. (1992). The Mammals of the Indomalayan Region: A Systematic Review. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198546931.
  • Mohd-Azlan, J.; Maryanto, I.; Kartono, A. P.; Abdullah, M. T. (2003). "Diversity, relative abundance and conservation of chiropterans in Kayan Menterang National Park, East Kalimantan, Indonesia". Sarawak Museum Journal. 53 (79): 251–265.
  • Hall, L. S.; Richards, G. C.; Abdullah, M. T. (2002). "The bats of Niah National Park, Sarawak". Sarawak Museum Journal. 78: 255–282.
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