Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)

The Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs (German: Bundesminister des Auswärtigen) is the head of the Federal Foreign Office and a member of the Cabinet of Germany. The current office holder is Heiko Maas. Since 1966, the Foreign Minister has often also simultaneously held the office of Vice Chancellor.

Germany Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs German: Bundesminister des Auswärtigen
Incumbent Heiko Maas since 14 March 2018
Federal Foreign Office
Formation	21 March 1871
First holder	Hermann von Thile
Website	auswärtiges-amt.de

History of the office

The Foreign Office was established within the North German Confederation in 1870 and its head, first appointed in 1871, had the rank of Secretary of State. As the German constitution of 1871 installed the Chancellor as the sole responsible government minister and since the Chancellor generally also held the position of Foreign Minister of Prussia, the Secretary of State fulfilled a more subject role as an assistant to the Chancellor, acting largely to draft correspondence rather than to actually direct the formation of foreign policy. This was especially true during the chancellorships of Otto von Bismarck (1871–1890) and Bernhard von Bülow (1900–1909), both of whom had considerable prior experience with foreign affairs, while secretaries at other times wielded more influence over the foreign policy.

Gustav Stresemann, one of Germany's most influential Foreign Ministers and a 1926 Nobel Peace Prize laureate

In 1919, the Weimar Republic elevated the head of the foreign office to the position of Foreign Minister responsible for his department. As governments were now formed by parties entering coalitions with each other, individual ministers also gained independence towards from the chancellor.

After a succession of short-lived ministers, Gustav Stresemann, leader of the small National-liberal German People's Party, held the office of Foreign Minister in successive cabinets from 1923 to his death 1929. His long term gave stability to Germany's foreign policy and improved the minister's position towards the relatively weak and short-lived chancellors. Stresemann was awarded the 1926 Nobel Peace Prize for his work for reconciliation between Germany and France.[1]

The foreign office remained relatively unaffected by the establishment of the Nazi regime in 1933, as minister Konstantin von Neurath, appointed in 1932, remained in office until 1938; however, the office was increasingly marginalised in actual policy-making and with the replacement of Neurath by Ribbentrop lost any independent standing.

After World War II, two separate German states emerged in 1949, the democratic Federal Republic of Germany in the West and the communist-ruled German Democratic Republic in the East. While the Soviet Union ostensibly restored political sovereignty to its satellite and allowed for a Foreign Ministry of the GDR, West Germany's sovereignty was officially curtailed by the Western powers, especially in the field of foreign policy. In 1951 the Foreign Office was reestablished[2] in West Germany, but Chancellor Konrad Adenauer was required to hold the office of Foreign Minister until the Western powers restored sovereignty to West Germany in 1955. Then, Heinrich von Brentano di Tremezzo succeeded as foreign minister in 1955. In 1990, the GDR ceased to exist as a separate state and its territory was reunited with West Germany.

From the 1966 Grand Coalition government of Kurt Georg Kiesinger onwards, the office has been held by a member of the smaller partner in coalitions. Therefore, the Foreign Minister also mostly holds the office of Vice Chancellor of Germany, although there have been notable exceptions, most recently during the term of Philipp Rösler as Vice Chancellor, from 2011 to 2013.

List of officeholders

State Secretaries for Foreign Affairs (Außenstaatssekretäre), 1871–1919

Name (Birth–Death)		Portrait	Party	Term of Office		Chancellor
	Hermann von Thile (1812–1889)		N/A	21 March 1871	30 September 1872	Bismarck
	Hermann Ludwig von Balan (1812–1874)		N/A	3 October 1872	9 October 1873
	Bernhard Ernst von Bülow (1815–1879)		N/A	9 October 1873	20 October 1879
	Joseph Maria von Radowitz, Jr. (1839–1912)		N/A	6 November 1879	17 April 1880
	Chlodwig Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst (1819–1901)		N/A	20 April 1880	1 September 1880
	Friedrich Graf zu Limburg-Stirum (1835–1912)		N/A	1 September 1880	25 June 1881
	Clemens Busch (1834–1895)		N/A	25 June 1881	16 July 1881
	Paul Graf von Hatzfeldt zu Wildenburg (1831–1901)		N/A	16 July 1881	24 October 1885
	Herbert Fürst von Bismarck (1849–1904)		N/A	24 October 1885	26 March 1890	Bismarck von Caprivi
	Adolf Freiherr Marschall von Bieberstein (1842–1912)		N/A	31 March 1890	19 October 1897	von Caprivi Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst
	Bernhard Graf von Bülow (1849–1929)		N/A	20 October 1897	23 October 1900	Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst von Bülow
	Oswald Freiherr von Richthofen (1847–1906)		N/A	23 October 1900	17 January 1906	von Bülow
	Heinrich Leonhard von Tschirschky und Bögendorff (1858–1916)		N/A	24 January 1906	25 October 1907
	Wilhelm Freiherr von Schoen (1851–1933)		N/A	26 October 1907	27 June 1910	von Bülow von Bethmann-Hollweg
	Alfred von Kiderlen-Waechter (1852–1912)		N/A	27 June 1910	30 December 1912	von Bethmann-Hollweg
	Gottlieb von Jagow (1863–1935)		N/A	11 January 1913	22 November 1916
	Arthur Zimmermann (1864–1940)		N/A	22 November 1916	6 August 1917	von Bethmann-Hollweg Michaelis
	Richard von Kühlmann (1873–1948)		N/A	6 August 1917	9 July 1918	Michaelis von Hertling (I)
	Paul von Hintze (1864–1941)		N/A	9 July 1918	3 October 1918	von Hertling (I)
	Wilhelm Solf (1862–1936)		N/A	3 October 1918	13 December 1918	von Baden (I) Ebert (Council of the People's Deputies)
	Ulrich Graf von Brockdorff-Rantzau (1869–1928)		N/A	13 December 1918	13 February 1919	Ebert (Council of the People's Deputies)

Ministers of Foreign Affairs (Reichsminister des Auswärtigen), 1919–1945

Political Party:   SPD   Zentrum   DDP   DVP   NSDP

No.		Minister of Foreign Affairs	Took office	Left office	Time in office	Party	Cabinet
1		Brockdorff, UlrichUlrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau (1869–1928)	13 February 1919	20 June 1919	127 days	Independent	Scheidemann
2		Müller, HermannHermann Müller (1876–1931)	21 June 1919	26 March 1920	279 days	SPD	Bauer
3		Köster, AdolfAdolf Köster (1883–1930)	10 April 1920	8 June 1920	59 days	SPD	Müller I
4		Simons, WalterWalter Simons (1861–1937)	25 June 1920	4 May 1921	59 days	Independent	Fehrenbach
5		Rosen, FriedrichFriedrich Rosen (1856–1935)	10 May 1921	22 October 1921	1 year, 136 days	Independent	Wirth I
–		Wirth, JosephJoseph Wirth (1879–1956) Acting	26 October 1921	31 January 1922	97 days	Centre	Wirth II
6		Rathenau, WaltherWalther Rathenau (1867–1922)	1 February 1922	24 June 1922 †	143 days	DDP	Wirth II
–		Wirth, JosephJoseph Wirth (1879–1956) Acting	24 June 1922	14 November 1922	143 days	Centre	Wirth II
7		Rosenberg, HansHans von Rosenberg (1879–1956)	22 November 1922	11 August 1923	262 days	Independent	Cuno
8		Stresemann, GustavGustav Stresemann (1878–1929)	13 August 1923	3 October 1929 †	6 years, 51 days	DVP	Stresemann I–II Marx I–II Luther I–II Marx III–IV Müller II
9		Curtius, JuliusJulius Curtius (1877–1948)	4 October 1929	9 October 1931	2 years, 5 days	DVP	Müller II Brüning I
10		Brüning, HeinrichHeinrich Brüning (1885–1970)	9 October 1931	30 May 1932	234 days	Centre	Müller II Brüning II
11		Neurath, KonstantinKonstantin von Neurath (1873–1956) (Independent until 1937)	1 June 1932	4 February 1938	5 years, 248 days	NSDAP	von Papen von Schleicher Hitler
12		Ribbentrop, JoachimJoachim von Ribbentrop (1893–1946)	4 February 1938	30 April 1945	7 years, 85 days	NSDAP	Hitler
13		Seyss, ArthurArthur Seyss-Inquart (1892–1946)	30 April 1945	2 May 1945	2 days	NSDAP	Goebbels
14		Krosigk, LutzLutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk (1887–1977)	2 May 1945	23 May 1945	21 days	NSDAP	Schwerin von Krosigk

Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the GDR, 1949–1990

Political Party:   CDU   SED   NDPD   SPD

No.		Minister of Foreign Affairs	Took office	Left office	Time in office	Party	Chairman
1		Dertinger, GeorgGeorg Dertinger (1902–1968)	12 October 1949	15 January 1953	3 years, 3 months	CDU	Grotewohl
2		Ackermann, AntonAnton Ackermann (1905–1973)	15 January 1953	July 1953	5 months	SED	Grotewohl
3		Bolz, LotharLothar Bolz (1903–1986)	July 1953	24 June 1965	11 years, 11 months	NDPD	Grotewohl Stoph
4		Winzer, OttoOtto Winzer (1902–1975)	24 June 1965	20 January 1975	9 years, 6 months	SED	Stoph Sindermann
5		Fischer, OskarOskar Fischer (1923–2020)	3 March 1975	12 April 1990	15 years, 1 month	SED	Sindermann Stoph Modrow
5		Meckel, MarkusMarkus Meckel (born 1952)	12 April 1990	20 August 1990	4 months	SPD	de Maizière
6		Maizière, LotharLothar de Maizière (born 1940)	20 August 1990	2 October 1990	1 month	CDU	de Maizière

Ministers of Foreign Affairs (Bundesminister des Auswärtigen), since 1951

Political Party:   CDU   SPD   FDP   Green

No.		Minister of Foreign Affairs	Took office	Left office	Time in office	Party	Cabinet
1		Adenauer, KonradKonrad Adenauer (1876–1967)	15 March 1951	6 June 1955	4 years, 83 days	CDU	Adenauer I–II
2		Tremezzo, HeinrichHeinrich von Brentano di Tremezzo (1904–1964)	6 June 1955	30 October 1961	6 years, 146 days	CDU	Adenauer II–III
3		Schröder, GerhardGerhard Schröder (1910–1989)	14 November 1961	30 November 1966	5 years, 16 days	CDU	Adenauer IV–V Erhard I–II
4		Brandt, WillyWilly Brandt (1913–1992)	1 December 1966	20 October 1969	2 years, 323 days	SPD	Kiesinger
5		Scheel, WalterWalter Scheel (1919–2016)	21 October 1969	15 May 1974	4 years, 206 days	FDP	Brandt I–II
6		Genscher, HansHans-Dietrich Genscher (1927–2016)	17 May 1974	17 September 1982	8 years, 123 days	FDP	Schmidt I–II–III
7		Schmidt, HelmutHelmut Schmidt (1918–2015)	17 September 1982	4 October 1982	17 days	SPD	Schmidt III
(6)		Genscher, HansHans-Dietrich Genscher (1927–2016)	4 October 1982	17 May 1992	9 years, 226 days	FDP	Kohl I–II–III–IV
8		Kinkel, KlausKlaus Kinkel (1936–2019)	18 May 1992	26 October 1998	6 years, 161 days	FDP	Kohl IV–V
9		Fischer, JoschkaJoschka Fischer (born 1948)	27 October 1998	22 November 2005	7 years, 26 days	Green	Schröder I–II
10		Steinmeier, FrankFrank-Walter Steinmeier (born 1956)	22 November 2005	28 October 2009	3 years, 340 days	SPD	Merkel I
11		Westerwelle, GuidoGuido Westerwelle (1961–2016)	28 October 2009	17 December 2013	4 years, 50 days	FDP	Merkel II
(10)		Steinmeier, FrankFrank-Walter Steinmeier (born 1956)	17 December 2013	27 January 2017	3 years, 41 days	SPD	Merkel III
12		Gabriel, SigmarSigmar Gabriel (born 1959)	27 January 2017	14 March 2018	1 year, 46 days	SPD	Merkel III
13		Maas, HeikoHeiko Maas (born 1966)	14 March 2018	Incumbent	2 years, 154 days	SPD	Merkel IV

References

1. Wright, Jonathan, Gustav Stresemann: Weimar's Greatest Statesman (2002)
2. http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/en/AAmt/Geschichte/GeschichteAA.html

External links

• auswärtiges-amt.de