Mina Rees

Mina Spiegel Rees (August 2, 1902 – October 25, 1997) was an American mathematician.[1] She was the first female President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1971) and head of the mathematics department of the Office of Naval Research of the United States. Rees was a pioneer in the history of computing and helped establish funding streams and institutional infrastructure for research.[2] Rees was also the founding president and president emerita of the Graduate School and University Center at CUNY. She received the Public Welfare Medal, the highest honor of the National Academy of Sciences; the King's Medal for Service in the Cause of Freedom (UK) and at least 18 honorary doctorates.

Mina Rees
Born(1902-08-02)August 2, 1902
Cleveland, Ohio
DiedOctober 25, 1997(1997-10-25) (aged 95)
New York City, New York
CitizenshipUnited States
Alma materHunter College, University of Chicago, Columbia University
Known forComputing, Infrastructure
Scientific career
FieldsMathematics
InstitutionsAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science, Office of Naval Research, CUNY
ThesisDivision algebras associated with an equation whose group has four generators (1932)
Doctoral advisorLeonard Dickson

Personal life

Rees was the daughter of Moses and Alice Louise (née Stackhouse) Rees. The family moved from Cleveland, Ohio to New York where Rees received her primary education in the city's public schools. In 1955, Rees married physician Leopold Brahdy (1892–1977). She died in 1997 at the Mary Manning Walsh home in Manhattan.[3]

Education

She was valedictorian at Hunter College High School in New York City.[4] She graduated Summa cum Laude with a math major at Hunter College in 1923. She received a masters in mathematics from Columbia University in 1925, where she also studied law. At that time she was told unofficially that "the Columbia mathematics department was not really interested in having women candidates for Ph.D's". She started teaching at Hunter College then took a sabbatical to study for the doctorate at the University of Chicago in 1929. She earned her doctorate in 1931 with a dissertation on abstract algebra titled "Division algebras associated with an equation whose group has four generators," published in the American Journal of Mathematics, Vol 54 (Jan. 1932), 51-65. Her advisor was Leonard Dickson.[5]

Career
  • 1925–32: Instructor at Hunter College (on leave 1929–1931 while earning a doctorate at the University of Chicago)
  • 1932–40: Assistant Professor at Hunter College.
  • 1940: Associate Professor at Hunter College
  • World War II: Technical Aide/Executive Assistant with the Applied Mathematics Panel at Office of Scientific Research and Development.
  • 1947: ACM Council member [6]
  • 1945–51: Head of Mathematics branch at the Office of Naval Research
  • 1952–53: Deputy Science Director for the Office of Naval Research.
  • 1953–61: Dean of Faculty at Hunter College
  • 1961–67: Full Professor and First Dean of Graduate Studies at City University of New York
  • 1964–70: Member, U.S. National Science Board
  • 1967–69: Provost of the Graduate School and University Center at CUNY.
  • 1969–72: Founding president (and, in 1972, first president emerita) of the Graduate School and University Center at CUNY
  • 1971: First female president of the AAAS
  • First female Chair, U.S. Council of Graduate Schools

During her time at the Office of Naval Research, Rees headed research in a variety of programs, including hydrofoils, logistics, computers, and numerical development for applications such as rocketry and defense against submarines. She was especially instrumental in developing the ONR's implementation of projects studying mathematical algorithms for computing, as well as university research programs to build computers such as Project Whirlwind at MIT.[3] She was an early proponent of magnetic-core and electrostatic memory, the use of transistor components rather than vacuum tubes, and the design of machines with visual displays and multiple inputs.[2]

The New York Times wrote "Dr. Rees also had an important role in the growth and diversification of mathematical studies. Many of her ideas left their mark on fast computer technology.

"Dr. Rees enjoyed a crowning moment in 1969, when the 120,000-member American Association for the Advancement of Science elected her president. Women remained something of a rarity at that level in the scientific community, but she -- as Marie Curie, Lise Meitner and Margaret Mead before her -- had proved that scientific creativity was not just for men."[5]

Honors

In 1953, the council of the American Mathematical Society adopted a resolution reading stating that under Dr. Rees' "guidance, basic research in general, and especially in mathematics, received the most intelligent and wholehearted support. No greater wisdom and foresight could have been displayed and the whole postwar development of mathematical research in the United States owes an immeasurable debt to the pioneer work of the Office of Naval Research and to the alert, vigorous and farsighted policy conducted by Miss [sic] Rees."[7]

In 1962 Rees received the first Award for Distinguished Service to Mathematics from the Mathematical Association of America. This award was made "for outstanding service to mathematics" and for "contributions [that] influence significantly the field of mathematics or mathematical education on a national scale."

In 1965, Rees was awarded the Achievement Award by the American Association of University Women, an award given annually in honor of women who have made outstanding contributions in their fields.

The Public Welfare Medal, the highest honor of the National Academy of Sciences, 1983, "in recognition of distinguished contributions in the application of science to the public welfare....for her contributions to the scientific enterprise, especially in mathematics, astronomy, and computer sciences, from wartime, through the transition from war to peace, and continuing today."[8]

Kings Medal for Service in the Cause of Freedom (UK)[9] and the President's Certificate of Merit (USA) for her important contributions during World War II.

At least 18 honorary doctorates.[9]

Library of Graduate University of the City University of New York named the Mina Rees library in 1985.[9]

The IEEE Computer Society's 1989 Computer Pioneer Award.[7]

Notable publications
gollark: ... Debian?
gollark: Installation only takes hours!
gollark: Use Arch Linux, the superior Linux.
gollark: Isn't the market for high-powered VPSes/servers quite saturated at this point?
gollark: Even with computers they still managed to mess the phone network up so horribly.- calls appear to use an awful voice codec- multimedia messages are overcharged massively for- caller ID spoofing is a very common thing- mobile phones have stupidly complex modem chips with excessive access to the rest of their phone, closed source firmware and probably security bugs- SIM cards are self contained devices with lots of software in *Java*?! In a sane system they would need to store something like four values.- "eSIM" things are just reprogrammable soldered SIM cards because apparently nobody thought of doing it in software?!- phone towers are routinely spoofed by law enforcement for no good reason and apparently nobody is stopping this- phone calls/texts are not end to end encrypted, which is practical *now* if not when much of the development of mobile phones and whatever was happening- there are apparently a bunch of exploits in the protocols linking phone networks, like SS7

References
  1. Green, Judy; LaDuke, Jeanne (2008). Pioneering Women in American Mathematics — The Pre-1940 PhD's. History of Mathematics. 34 (1st ed.). American Mathematical Society, The London Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-0-8218-4376-5. Biography on p.516-523 of the Supplementary Material at AMS
  2. Shell-Gellasch, Amy. "Mina Rees and the Funding of the Mathematical Sciences". The American Mathematical Monthly. 109 (10): 886.
  3. Oakes, Elizabeth. International Encyclopedia of Women Scientists. 2002. Facts on File.
  4. Johnston, Laurie. "Competition Intense Among Intellectually Gifted 6th Graders for Openings at Hunter College High School; Prominent Alumni Program for Seniors", The New York Times, March 21, 1977. Accessed May 11, 2010.
  5. Wolfgang Saxon (1997) Mina S. Rees, Mathematician and CUNY Leader dies at 95, New York Times
  6. Fifteen years ACM, Franz L. Alt, Communications of the ACM - Celebrating ACM's 40th anniversary, Volume 30 Issue 10, Oct. 1987
  7. Mina S. Rees, 1989 Computer Pioneer Award from IEEE Computer Society
  8. "Public Welfare Award". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  9. Judy Green, Jeanne La Duke, Saunders Mac Lane & Uta C. Merzbach (1997) Mina Spiegel Rees (1902 — 1997) from Notices of the American Mathematical Society

Further reading
  • Kathleen Broome Williams (2001) Improbable Warriors: Women Scientists and the U.S. Navy in World War II., Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, ISBN 978-1-55750-961-1 .
    • Williams' book focuses on the life of Mina Rees and three other notable women: Mary Sears (1905–1997); Florence van Straten (1913–1992); Grace Murray Hopper (1906–1992).
  • Amy Shell-Gellasch (2001) In Service to Mathematics: The Life and Work of Mina Rees., Docent Press, Boston, ISBN 978-0-9837004-1-8.
    • Shell-Gellasch's book covers Rees' entire life. It includes an extensive chapter on her PhD dissertation under L. E. Dickson at the University of Chicago as well as photographs from the CUNY archive.
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