Micrognathism

Micrognathism is a condition where the jaw is undersized. It is also sometimes called "mandibular hypoplasia". It is common in infants, but is usually self-corrected during growth, due to the jaws' increasing in size. It may be a cause of abnormal tooth alignment and in severe cases can hamper feeding.[2] It can also, both in adults and children, make intubation difficult, either during anesthesia or in emergency situations.

Not to be confused with Retrognathism.

Micrognathism
Other names	Micrognathia, strawberry chin, hypognathia[1] hypognathism
Girl with Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome
Specialty	Medical genetics

Causes

While not always pathological, it can present as a birth defect in multiple syndromes including:

• Catel–Manzke syndrome[3]
• Bloom syndrome
• Coffin–Lowry syndrome
• Congenital rubella syndrome
• Cri du chat syndrome
• DiGeorge syndrome
• Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
• Fetal alcohol syndrome
• Hallermann–Streiff syndrome
• Hemifacial microsomia (as part of Goldenhar syndrome)
• Incontinentia pigmenti
• Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
• Marfan syndrome
• Möbius syndrome
• Noonan syndrome
• Pierre Robin syndrome
• Prader–Willi syndrome
• Progeria
• Silver–Russell syndrome
• Seckel syndrome
• Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome
• Treacher Collins syndrome
• Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome)
• Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome)
• Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome
• X0 syndrome (Turner syndrome)

Diagnosis

It can be detected by the naked eye as well as dental or skull X-Ray testing.

See also

• Human mandible
• Macrognathism
• Retrognathism

References

1. Martínez-Frías, ML; Martín, M; Pardo, M; Torres, M; Cohen MM, Jr (1993). "Holoprosencephaly and hypognathia with two proboscides: report of a case and review of unusual proboscides". Journal of craniofacial genetics and developmental biology. 14 (4): 231–4. PMID 7883869.
2. Hong, Paul; Brake, Maria K.; Cavanagh, Jonathan P.; Bezuhly, Michael; Magit, Anthony E. (2012). "Feeding and mandibular distraction osteogenesis in children with Pierre Robin sequence: A case series of functional outcomes". International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 76 (3): 414–418. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2011.12.023. ISSN 0165-5876.
3. Rajendran A; Sundaram S (10 February 2014). Shafer's Textbook of Oral Pathology (7th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences APAC. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-81-312-3800-4.

External links

Classification	D ICD-10: K07.0 ICD-9-CM: 524.04 MeSH: D008844 DiseasesDB: 22641
External resources	MedlinePlus: 003306

• "Micrognathia". Medline Plus. 12 May 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2011.