Michael Crawford

Michael Patrick Smith, CBE (born 19 January 1942), known by the stage name of Michael Crawford, is a British actor, comedian and singer. He has received international critical acclaim and won numerous awards during his career, which has included many film and television performances as well as stagework on both London's West End and on Broadway in New York City. He played Frank Spencer in British sitcom Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em, which first made him a household name, and the title role in the musical The Phantom of the Opera. His performance in the latter earned him both the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical and Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical.[1]

For other people named Michael Crawford, see Michael Crawford (disambiguation).

Michael Crawford

CBE
Crawford in Sydney in 2012
Born
Michael Patrick Smith

(1942-01-19) 19 January 1942
Sheerness, Kent, England
Occupation
  • actor
  • tenor
  • comedian
  • stuntman
  • voice actor
Years active1955–present
Spouse(s)
Gabrielle Lewis
​
(
m. 1965; div. 1975)
Websitemcifa.com

Crawford has also published the autobiography Parcel Arrived Safely: Tied With String. Since 1987, he has served as the leader of the Sick Children's Trust as well and acted as a public face for the British social cause organization.[1]

Early life

Crawford was brought up by his mother, Doris Agnes Mary Pike, and her parents, Montague Pike and his wife, Edith (née O'Keefe), in what Crawford described as a "close-knit Roman Catholic family". His maternal grandmother was born in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, and lived to be 99 years old.[2] His mother's first husband, Arthur Dumbell "Smudge" Smith,[3] who was not his biological father, was killed, aged 22, on 6 September 1940 during the Battle of Britain, less than a year after they married.[4][5] Sixteen months after Smith's death, Crawford was born, the result of a short-lived relationship, and given his mother's surname, which was that of her first husband.

During his early years, Crawford divided his time between the army camp in Wiltshire, where he and his mother lived during the war, and the Isle of Sheppey off the coast of Kent. The isle was where his mother had grown up and where Crawford would later live with his mother and maternal grandparents. He attended St Michael's, a Catholic school in Bexleyheath which was run by nuns who Crawford later described as not being shy in their use of corporal punishment. At the end of the Second World War, his mother remarried, this time to a grocer, Lionel Dennis "Den" Ingram. The couple moved to London, where Crawford attended Oakfield Preparatory School, Dulwich, where he was known as Michael Ingram. His mother's second marriage was abusive, according to Crawford.[6]

Career

Beginning

He made his first stage appearance in the role of Sammy the Little Sweep in his school production of Benjamin Britten's Let's Make an Opera, conducted by Donald Mitchell,[7] which was then transferred to Brixton Town Hall in London. He auditioned, unsuccessfully, for the role of Miles in Britten's The Turn of the Screw - the role being given to another boy soprano, David Hemmings; but it appears that Crawford's audition sufficiently impressed Britten as in 1955 he hired him to play Sammy, alternating with David Hemmings, in another production of Let's Make an Opera, this time at the Scala Theatre in London.[8] He also participated in the recording of that opera (as Michael Ingram, singing the role of Gay Brook) made that same year, conducted by the composer.[8][9] Then in 1958 he was hired by the English Opera Group to create the role of Jaffet in another Britten opera, Noye's Fludde, based on the story of Noah and the Great Flood.[7] Crawford remembers that it was while working in this production that he realised he seriously wanted to become an actor. It was in between performances of Let's Make an Opera and Noye's Fludde that he was advised to change his name, "to avoid confusion with a television newsman called Michael Ingram[s] who was registered with British Equity".[10]

He went on to perform in a wide repertoire. Among his stage work, he performed in André Birabeau's French comedy Head of the Family, Neil Simon's Come Blow Your Horn, Bernard Kops's Change for the Angel, Francis Swann's Out of the Frying Pan, Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Coriolanus, and Twelfth Night, Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest, The Striplings, The Move After Checkmate and others. At the same time, he appeared in hundreds of BBC radio broadcasts and early BBC soap-operas, such as Billy Bunter of Greyfriars School, Emergency - Ward 10, Probation Officer, and Two Living, One Dead. He appeared as the cabin boy John Drake in the television series Sir Francis Drake, a 26-part adventure series made by ITC starring Terence Morgan and Jean Kent. He made his film debut in 1958 with leading roles in two children's films, Blow Your Own Trumpet and Soapbox Derby, for The Children's Film Foundation in Britain.[11]

In 1961 Michael Crawford appeared in an episode of One Step Beyond called "The Villa" in which he played a character experimenting with strobe lights. Crawford appears in the only surviving episode of the 1960 British crime series Police Surgeon alongside Ian Hendry. This series would spawn the much better-known The Avengers.

Early adult career

At age nineteen, he was approached to play an American, Junior Sailen, in the film The War Lover (1962), which starred Steve McQueen. To prepare for the role, he would spend hours listening to Woody Woodbury, a famous American comedian of the time, to try to perfect an American accent. After The War Lover, Crawford briefly returned to the stage and, after playing the lead role in the 1963 British film Two Left Feet, was offered a role in the British television series, Not So Much a Programme, More a Way of Life, as the Mod-style, tough-talking, motorbike-riding Byron. It was this character that attracted film director Richard Lester to hire him for the role of Colin in The Knack …and How to Get It in 1965. The film was a huge success in the UK.

Lester also cast him in the film adaptation of Stephen Sondheim's musical A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, and How I Won the War, which starred Roy Kinnear and John Lennon (during the filming of which he lived in London with Lennon and his first wife Cynthia, and Gabrielle Lewis).[12] Crawford starred in The Jokers (directed by Michael Winner) with Oliver Reed in 1967.

Broadway debut

In 1967, he made his Broadway début in Peter Shaffer's Black Comedy with Lynn Redgrave (making her début as well) in which he demonstrated his aptitude and daring for extreme physical comedy, such as walking into walls and falling down staircases. While working in the show, he was noticed by Gene Kelly and was called to Hollywood to audition for him for a part in the film adaptation of the musical Hello, Dolly!. He was cast and shared top billing with Barbra Streisand and Walter Matthau. Despite becoming one of the highest-grossing films of 1969, it failed to recoup its $25 million budget at the box office. It went on to win three Academy Awards, was nominated for a further four (including Best Picture), and is now considered to be one of the greatest musical films ever.[13][14][15]

His later films fared less successfully, although Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, in which he played the White Rabbit, enjoyed moderate success in the UK. After performing in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, and with offers of work greatly reduced and much of his salary from Hello, Dolly! lost, reportedly due to underhanded investments by his agent,[10] Crawford faced a brief period of unemployment, in which he helped his wife stuff cushions (for their upholstery business) and took a job as an office clerk in an electric company to pass the time between. During this difficult time, his marriage fell apart and divorce followed in 1975.[10]

Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em

Crawford's acting career took off again after he appeared on the London stage in the farce No Sex Please, We're British, in which he played the part of frantic chief cashier Brian Runnicles. His performance led to an invitation to star in a BBC television comedy series about a childlike and eternally haphazard man who causes disaster everywhere he goes. Crawford was not the first choice for the role of Frank Spencer in Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em. Originally, the part had been offered to comedy actor Ronnie Barker but after he and Norman Wisdom had turned it down, Crawford took on the challenge, adopting a similar characterisation to that which he used when playing Brian Runnicles. Cast alongside him was actress Michele Dotrice in the role of Frank's long-suffering wife, Betty, and the series premiered in 1973.

Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em soon became one of the BBC's most popular television series. Initially, only two series were produced, from 1973 to 1975, while the show's creators felt that it should stop while at its peak. There was a brief hiatus until popular demand saw it revived for a final series in 1978. The immense popularity that followed the sitcom was due perhaps to the unusual amount of physical comedy involved. Crawford said he had always been a fan of comedians such as Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton and Laurel and Hardy, as well as the great sight gags employed in the days of silent film, and saw Some Mothers as the ideal opportunity to use such humour himself. He performed all of his own stunts during the show's run, and never used a double.[10]

1970s

While he was playing in Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em, Crawford was approached to star in the musical Billy (based on the novel Billy Liar), which opened in 1974 at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London. This was his first leading man role on the West End stage and helped to cement his career as both a singer and showman. The part was demanding, requiring proficiency in both song and dance, and in preparation for the role, Crawford began taking both more seriously, studying singing under the tutelage of vocal coach Ian Adam and spending hours perfecting his dancing capabilities with choreographer Onna White.[10]

Billy gave the many fans of Crawford's portrayal of Frank Spencer an opportunity to see him in a broadly similar role on the stage, and was a considerable hit (904 West End performances). After the closing of Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em, Crawford continued to perform in plays and musicals, starring in Flowers for Algernon (1979) in the role of Charley Gordon, based on the book of the same title. He pursued another role on a very short-lived ITV sitcom, Chalk and Cheese, as the slovenly, uncouth Dave Finn. The show did not go over well with his fans: the popularity of Crawford's portrayal of Frank Spencer, and the similar Billy Fisher character, had left him somewhat typecast, to the extent that they could not accept his very different role as Dave Finn. Crawford abandoned the show during its first series and returned to theatre work.[10]

1980s

Condorman

Crawford starred in the 1981 Disney comedy/adventure film Condorman, playing an eccentric American comic book writer and illustrator named Woody Wilkins who is asked by his friend at the CIA to help a Russian woman to defect while acting out the fantasy of bringing his comic book creation, Condorman, to life.[16] Critics panned the film. On their television show, critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert featured the film in their round-up of the year's worst films pointing out the less-than-special effects such as the visible harness and cable used to suspend Condorman in the air and the obvious bluescreen effect. The film performed poorly at the box office but years later gained a cult following among Disney fans.[10]

Barnum

Also in 1981, Crawford starred in the original London production of Cy Coleman's Barnum (1981) as the illustrious American showman P.T. Barnum. He trained at the Big Apple Circus School in New York City to prepare for the ambitious stunts, learning to walk the tight-rope, juggle and slide down a rope from the rafters of the theatre. After further training for the second opening of Barnum, he was awarded a British Amateur Gymnastics Association badge and certificate as a qualified coach.[10]

Barnum opened on 11 June 1981 at the London Palladium, where it ran for 655 performances. Crawford and Deborah Grant headed the cast. It was well-received, becoming a favourite of Margaret Thatcher as well as the Queen Mother. Crawford earned his first Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical on the London stage. After the initial production of the show, he worked extensively with Torvill and Dean, and can be seen rinkside with them as they received their "perfect six" marks in the 1983 world championships for their 'Barnum' routine.[17][18]

In 1984 a revival of Barnum opened in Manchester at the Opera House, ending the tour at the Victoria Palace in the West End. In 1986 this production, with a new cast, though still headed by Crawford, was recorded for television and broadcast by the BBC. Crawford's Barnum is one of the longest runs by a leading actor.

The Phantom of the Opera

In 1984, at the final preview of Starlight Express, Crawford happened to run into the show's creator, Andrew Lloyd Webber. Lloyd Webber had met Crawford socially several times and remembered him from his work in Flowers for Algernon. He informed Crawford that he was working on a new project based on a Gaston Leroux novel and wanted to know whether he was interested. Crawford said he was, but the show was still in the early planning stages, and nothing had been decided. Several months passed, during which Lloyd Webber had already created a pitch video featuring his then-wife Sarah Brightman as the female lead Christine, and British rocker Steve Harley as the Phantom, singing the title song in the manner of a contemporary new wave video. Crawford was turned off by that, supposing the songwriter had chosen to do a "rock opera"-inspired spectacle in lieu of a more traditional operatic musical.[10]

Since casting Harley, however, Lloyd Webber had also begun to regret his artistic choices. As production continued on the show, the bulk of the score was revealing itself to be far more classical and operatic, entirely unsuited to Harley's rough, contemporary voice. Wanting instead a performer with a more classic, melodic voice, as described in the original book, he began yet another search for the perfect actor to play his Phantom. Crawford's landing of the role was due in large part to the coincidence that Sarah Brightman had taken lessons with the same vocal coach as Crawford. She and her husband had arrived early for her lesson, and it was while waiting that they chanced to hear Crawford practising the aria Care Selve, from the opera Atalanta by Handel. Intrigued, Lloyd Webber asked Ian Adam who his student was. Soon after, Crawford was called in for an audition and was hired virtually on the spot.[10]

Many critics were sceptical; Crawford was still largely pigeonholed as the hapless Frank Spencer, and questions were asked about Crawford's ability to manage such a vocally and dramatically demanding role. In 1986, he began his performance in London at Her Majesty's Theatre, continuing on to Broadway in 1988, and then Los Angeles in 1989. He played the role for two and a half years and over 1,300 performances, winning an Olivier Award (Best Actor in a Musical), a Tony Award (Best Performance by an Actor in a Lead Role, Musical), a New York Drama Desk Award, and a Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award for Distinguished Achievement in Theatre (Lead Performance).[19]

During the run of Phantom in Los Angeles, Crawford was asked to perform "The Music of the Night" at the Inaugural Gala for President George H. W. Bush in Washington, D.C., on 19 January 1989. At the gala, Crawford was presented with a birthday cake (it was his 47th birthday). On 29 April 1990, after three and a half years and over 1,300 performances later, Crawford left the show. He admits to having been saddened at his departure, and, during the final Lair scene, altered the Phantom's line to "Christine....I loved you...", acknowledging that this was his final performance.[20]

1990s

At the request of Liz Kirschner, wife of film producer David Kirschner, he obtained the role of Cornelius in 20th Century Fox's animated film Once Upon a Forest, which was produced by her husband. During his voice over sessions, Michael stated that he had a terrible time singing one of the musical numbers called "Please Wake Up". This was because he had to struggle not to cry when this was being completed, as the scenario was that his character Cornelius was singing to a child who was on the verge of death. The film was released in cinemas over the summer of 1993. 1993 also saw the release of his special, A Touch of Music in the Night, to coincide with the release of his new album of the same name.

In 1995, Crawford created the high-profile starring role in EFX, the US$70 million production which officially opened the 1,700-seat MGM Grand Theatre in Las Vegas. The Atlantic Theater label released the companion album to EFX. Early into the run, Crawford suffered an accident during a performance (which involved him sliding from a wire hanger from the back of the theatre all the way to the stage and then jumping down 12 feet (3.7 m) to the stage itself) and left the show to recover from his injury, which resulted in an early hip replacement operation.[21]

2000s to present

Crawford had a short comeback to Broadway as the Count von Krolock in the short-lived musical Dance of the Vampires (2002–03). He originated the role of the morbidly obese Count Fosco in Lloyd Webber's The Woman in White, which opened at the Palace Theatre, London in September 2004. However, he was forced to leave the show three months later because of ill health caused by dehydration resulting from the enormous fat-suit he wore during the performance. He spent several months recuperating and was thus unable to reprise the role on Broadway.[22] He learned he was suffering from the post-viral condition myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), which debilitated him for six years.[23]

In 2002, in the television poll 100 Greatest Britons, he was voted the Greatest living Briton, and the seventeenth overall.

He moved to New Zealand, both to be near his daughter and her family in Australia[24] and to convalesce from his illness.[23]

In 2006, Crawford attended the Gala Performance of the stage version of The Phantom of the Opera on Broadway at the Majestic Theatre to celebrate the show's becoming the longest-running musical in Broadway history (surpassing the run of Cats). He was delighted with it, stating this was the first time he had been an audience member of any of the shows he had done.[25]

On 23 October 2010, Crawford attended the celebratory 10,000th performance of The Phantom of the Opera in London alongside composer Andrew Lloyd Webber. Crawford spoke of his own memories of the first performance 24 years ago, and was then presented, along with Lloyd Webber, with a special cake to commemorate the landmark achievement.[26]

Beginning with previews in February 2011, Crawford originated the part of the Wizard in the new Andrew Lloyd Webber/Tim Rice musical version of The Wizard of Oz at the London Palladium, which had its official opening on 1 March 2011.[27] He stated on This Morning: Sunday, on 14 August 2011, that he had signed on for a further six months in the show.[28] He left the production on 5 February 2012; the same day as co-star Danielle Hope played her final performance as Dorothy. From 14 February, Russell Grant took over the role.[29]

On 2 October 2011 Crawford made a special appearance during the finale of The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall — a fully staged production of the musical at the famous London venue – marking 25 years since the show received its world premiere. Although reunited with Sarah Brightman, he did no real singing as he had just finished performing in a matinee of The Wizard of Oz at the London Palladium.[30]

In February 2016 the BBC announced that Crawford and Dotrice would be reprising their roles in a one-off special of Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em, to be broadcast as part of the Sport Relief charity fundraiser event.[31]

Crawford starred in the new West End musical The Go-Between which premiered on 27 May 2016 at Apollo Theatre.[32] He appeared in the 60th anniversary performance of Britten's Noye's Fludde in London in 2018, performing the Voice of God, and recalled in a BBC Radio 3 interview Benjamin Britten's valuable support in his early career.[33]

Concert tours

Crawford has performed many concert tours in the US, Canada, the UK, Australia and New Zealand, beginning with The Music of Andrew Lloyd Webber in 1992. In 1998, Crawford began Michael Crawford: Live In Concert tour around the United States. One performance, done at the Cerritos Arts Center in Los Angeles, was filmed and broadcast on PBS for their annual fundraiser. In 2006, he made a small concert tour of Australia and New Zealand, as well as a one-night benefit to open the LaSalle Bank Theatre in Chicago. He has also done various Michael Crawford International Fan Association (MCIFA) exclusive concerts around the US.[34] The MCIFA makes contributions to many charities.

Charity work

Since the late 1980s, Crawford has affiliated himself with various charities, particularly for the good of children. He is a patron of the Lighthouse Foundation in Australia, and has also been President of the Sick Children's Trust since 1987.[35]

Awards

Crawford was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1988 and Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2014 New Year Honours for charitable and philanthropic services, particularly to children's charities.[37]

Stage productions
YearTitleRole(s)
1967Black Comedy / White LiesBrindsley Miller / Tom
1971No Sex Please, We're BritishBrian Runnicles
1974BillyBilly Liar
1979Flowers for AlgernonCharlie Gordon
1981BarnumP.T. Barnum
1986–90The Phantom of the OperaThe Phantom
1995EFXThe EFX Master / Merlin / P.T. Barnum / Harry Houdini / H.G. Wells
2002–03Dance of the VampiresCount Giovanni von Krolock
2004The Woman in WhiteCount Fosco
2011–12The Wizard of OzProfessor Marvel / Emerald City Doorman / Tour Guide / Wizard of Oz
2016The Go-BetweenOlder Leo Colston

Filmography
YearTitleRole
1958Soapbox DerbyPeter Toms
1958Blow Your Own TrumpetJim Fenn
1960A French MistressKent
1960Sir Frances DrakeJohn Drake
1961Two Living, One DeadNils Lindwall
1962The War LoverSgt. Junior Sailen
1963Two Left FeetAlan Crabbe
1965The Knack ...and How to Get ItColin
1966A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the ForumHero
1967The JokersMichael Tremayne
1967How I Won the WarLt. Earnest Goodbody
1969Hello, Dolly!Cornelius Hackl
1970The GamesHarry Hayes
1970Hello-GoodbyeHarry England
1972Alice's Adventures in WonderlandWhite Rabbit
1981CondormanWoody Wilkins
1986BarnumP.T. Barnum
1993Once Upon a ForestCornelius/Narrator (voice)
1999The Ghosts of Christmas EveHimself (performer)

Discography

Solo albums
  • Songs from the Stage and Screen (1987)
  • The Phantom Unmasked (1990)
  • Michael Crawford Performs Andrew Lloyd Webber (1991)
  • With Love (1992)
  • A Touch of Music in the Night (1993)
  • Favorite Love Songs (1994)
  • Michael Crawford in Concert (1998)
  • On Eagle's Wings (1998)
  • A Christmas Album (1999)
  • The Disney Album (2001)
  • The Early Years – MCIFA Members Only Exclusive (2001)
  • The Best of Michael Crawford – Australian Release (2002)
  • The Very Best of Michael Crawford (2005)

Cast albums

Guest appearances
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References
  1. "Michael Crawford to Host Afternoon Tea in Cambridge for Sick Children's Trust". BroadwayWorld.com. 6 September 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  2. Michael Crawford official website
  3. "Battle of Britain London Monument". Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  4. Info re Arthur D. Smith at CWGC website
  5. Phantom: Michael Crawford Unmasked, Anthony Hayward (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991)
  6. Crawford website, ibid.
  7. Mitchell, Donald, Reed, Philip & Cooke, Mervyn (eds) (2004). Letters from a Life: Selected Letters of Benjamin Britten, Vol 3, 1946–1951. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0571222827.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link): p. 28
  8. Mitchell (2004): p. 27
  9. Booklet details from Decca 436 393–2
  10. Crawford, Michael (23 August 1999). Parcel Arrived Safely, Tied with String. Retrieved 6 April 2009.
  11. Herincx, Gareth (16 September 1999). "Entertainment: Crawford comes clean". BBC News. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
  12. As told to Matt Baker and Alex Jones on the BBC show "The One Show" on 1 August 2011.
  13. "100 Greatest Film Musicals". Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  14. "The Best Movie Musicals of All Time". Archived from the original on 21 February 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  15. "The Top 100 Greatest Movie Musicals of All Time". Archived from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  16. Crawford, Michael. "Condorman(1981)". Retrieved 2 February 2010.
  17. Crawford with Torvill & Dean receiving marks at World championships 1983 on YouTube
  18. Hennessey, John. Torvill & Dean; David & Charles (1983); ISBN 0-7153-8476-7
  19. "biography, timeline". Retrieved 2 February 2010.
  20. Braxton, Greg (30 April 1990). "'Phantom' Departs Amid Cheers, Tears". Los Angeles Times.
  21. Weekend Wogan, 25 September 2011
  22. "An Interview with Michael Crawford". Retrieved 6 April 2009.
  23. "Play it Again: Michael Crawford on the day he ended up on Spaghetti Junction in his pyjamas". Sunday Mercury. 11 March 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  24. Moran, Jonathon (11 March 2012). "The secret life of a Phantom star". News.com.au [accessed from archive.is web page]. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2017.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  25. Crawford, Michael. "Michael Attends Record-Breaking Phantom". Retrieved 8 April 2009.
  26. "Phantom Celebrates 10000th West End Performance with Michael Crawford Andrew Lloyd Webber". 23 October 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
  27. Singh, Anita (24 September 2010). "Wizard role for Michael Crawford in new Andrew Lloyd Webber musical". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
  28. "This Morning". 2011. 14 August 2011. ITV1.
  29. Tim Glanfield (23 January 2012). "Russell Grant to join Andrew Lloyd Webber's The Wizard of Oz stage musical".
  30. Broadwayworld.com: Phantom 25 — Sweet Intoxication
  31. "Michael Crawford to reprise Frank Spencer for Sport Relief". BBC News. 17 February 2016.
  32. Porteous, Jacob (5 February 2016). "Michael Crawford To Star in the Go-Between London Premiere at the Apollo Theatre". London Theatre Direct. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  33. "BBC Radio 3 – Radio 3 in Concert, A Britten Celebration".
  34. "Michael's Biography". Retrieved 2 February 2010.
  35. Crawford, Michael. "The Sick Children's Trust". Archived from the original on 13 November 2007. Retrieved 12 September 2007.
  36. "BBC – Great Britons – Top 100". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on 4 December 2002. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  37. "No. 60728". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 2013. p. 8.
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