Methanosarcinaceae

In taxonomy, the Methanosarcinaceae are a family of the Methanosarcinales.[1]

Methanosarcinaceae
Methanosarcina barkeri fusaro
Scientific classification
Domain:	Archaea
Kingdom:	Euryarchaeota
Phylum:	Euryarchaeota
Class:	Methanomicrobia
Order:	Methanosarcinales
Family:	Methanosarcinaceae
Binomial name
Methanosarcinaceae Balch and Wolfe 1981
Genera
Halomethanococcus ♦ Yu and Kawamura 1988 Methanimicrococcus Sprenger et al. 2000 Methanococcoides Sowers and Ferry 1985 Methanohalobium Zhilina and Zavarzin 1988 Methanohalophilus Paterek and Smith 1988 Methanolobus König and Stetter 1983 Methanomethylovorans Lomans et al. 2004 Methanosalsum Boone and Baker 2002 Methanosarcina Kluyver and van Niel 1936 emend. Ni et al. 1994

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[2] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[3] and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 by 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.[4]

?Halomethanococcus doii ♦ Yu and Kawamura 1988     ?Methanohalobium evestigatum Zhilina and Zavarzin 1988     Methanosalsum zhilinae (Mathrani et al. 1988) Boone and Baker 2002     Methanomethylovorans   ?M. victoriae ♠ Muyodi et al. 2000     M. hollandica Lomans et al. 2004 (type sp.)     M. thermophila Jiang et al. 2005           Methanimicrococcus blatticola Sprenger et al. 2000   Methanosarcina   ?M. horonobensis Shimizu et al. 2011     ?M. methanica (Smit 1930) Kluyver and van Niel 1936 (nom. rejic.)     ?M. siciliae (Stetter and König 1989) Ni et al. 1994 emend. Elberson and Sowers 1997     ?M. vacuolata Zhilina and Zavarzin 1987       M. semesiae Lyimo et al. 2000     M. baltica von Klein et al. 2002 emend. Singh et al. 2005         M. lacustris Simankova et al. 2002       M. mazei (Barker 1936) Mah and Kuhn 1984       M. acetivorans Sowers et al. 1986       M. barkeri Schnellen 1947 emend. Maestrojuán et al. 1992 (type sp.)     M. thermophila Zinder et al. 1985                   Methanococcoides   ?M. methylutens Sowers and Ferry 1985 (type sp.)     M. alaskense Singh et al. 2005     M. burtonii Franzmann et al. 1993     Methanohalophilus   ?M. euhalobius ♠ (Obraztsova et al. 1987) Davidova et al. 1997     ?M. halophilus (Zhilina 1984) Wilharm et al. 1991     M. mahii Paterek and Smith 1988 (type sp.)     M. portucalensis Boone et al. 1993       Methanolobus   ?M. bombayensis Kadam et al. 1994     ?M. psychrophilus ♠ Zhang et al. 2008     ?M. tindarius König and Stetter 1983 (type sp.)     M. zinderi Doerfert et al. 2009       M. oregonensis (Liu et al. 1990) Boone 2002       M. taylorii Oremland and Boone 1994       M. profundi Mochimaru et al. 2009     M. vulcani Stetter et al. 1989 emend. Kadam and Boone 1995

Notes:
♠ Strains found at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) but not listed in the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)
♦ Type strain lost or not available

Biochemistry

A notable trait of Methanosarcinaceae is that they are methanogens that incorporate the unusual amino acid pyrrolysine into their enzymes.[5] The enzyme monomethylamine methyltransferase catalyzes the reaction of monomethylamine to methane. This enzyme includes pyrrolysine. The unusual amino acid is inserted using a unique tRNA, the anticodon of which is UAG. In most organisms, and in most Methanosarcinaceae proteins, UAG is a stop codon. However in this enzyme, and anywhere else pyrrolysine is incorporated, likely through contextual markers on the mRNA, the pyrrolysine-loaded tRNA is inserted instead of the release factor. They also have a unique aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase to specifically load this tRNA with pyrrolysine. This unique adaptation is still the subject of significant study.

References

1. See the NCBI webpage on Methanosarcinaceae. Data extracted from the "NCBI taxonomy resources". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
2. J.P. Euzéby. "Methanomicrobia". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Archived from the original on 2013-01-27. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
3. Sayers; et al. "Methanomicrobia". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
4. 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project."16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 (full tree)" (PDF). Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
5. Lehninger A, Nelson D, Cox M. Lehninger principles of biochemistry. 6th ed. New York: W.H. Freeman; 2013 p. 1124-1126.

Further reading

Scientific journals

• Cavalier-Smith, T (2002). "The neomuran origin of archaebacteria, the negibacterial root of the universal tree and bacterial megaclassification". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 52 (Pt 1): 7–76. doi:10.1099/00207713-52-1-7. PMID 11837318.
• Springer E; Sachs MS; Woese CR; Boone DR (1995). "Partial gene sequences for the A subunit of methyl-coenzyme M reductase (mcrI) as a phylogenetic tool for the family Methanosarcinaceae". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45 (3): 554–559. doi:10.1099/00207713-45-3-554. PMID 8590683.
• Cavalier-Smith, T (1986). "The kingdoms of organisms". Nature. 324 (6096): 416–417. Bibcode:1986Natur.324..416C. doi:10.1038/324416a0. PMID 2431320.
• Sowers KR; Johnson JL; Ferry JG (1984). "Phylogenic relationships among the methylotrophic methane-producing bacteria and emendation of the family Methanosarcinaceae". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 34 (4): 444–450. doi:10.1099/00207713-34-4-444.
• Balch WE; Fox GE; Magrum LJ; Woses CR; et al. (1979). "Methanogens: reevaluation of a unique biological group". Microbiol. Rev. 43 (2): 260–296. doi:10.1128/MMBR.43.2.260-296.1979. PMC 281474. PMID 390357.

Scientific books

• Boone DR; Whitman WB; Koga Y (2001). "Order III. Methanosarcinales ord. nov.". In DR Boone; RW Castenholz (eds.). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria (2nd ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. pp. 169. ISBN 978-0-387-98771-2.
• Grant WD; Kamekura M; McGenity TJ; Ventosa A (2001). "Class III. Halobacteria class. nov.". In DR Boone; RW Castenholz (eds.). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria (2nd ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. pp. 169. ISBN 978-0-387-98771-2.

Scientific databases

• PubMed references for Methanosarcinaceae
• PubMed Central references for Methanosarcinaceae
• Google Scholar references for Methanosarcinaceae

External links

• NCBI taxonomy page for Methanosarcinaceae
• Search Tree of Life taxonomy pages for Methanosarcinaceae
• Search Species2000 page for Methanosarcinaceae
• MicrobeWiki page for Methanosarcinaceae
• LPSN page for Methanosarcinaceae