Metamaterial absorber

A metamaterial absorber[1] is a type of metamaterial intended to efficiently absorb electromagnetic radiation such as light. Furthermore, metamaterials are an advance in materials science. Hence, those metamaterials that are designed to be absorbers offer benefits over conventional absorbers such as further miniaturization, wider adaptability, and increased effectiveness. Intended applications for the metamaterial absorber include emitters, photodetectors, sensors, spatial light modulators, infrared camouflage, wireless communication, and use in solar photovoltaics and thermophotovoltaics.

For practical applications, the metamaterial absorbers can be divided into two types: narrow band and broadband.[2] For example, metamaterial absorbers can be used to improve the performance of photodetectors.[2][3][4] Metamaterial absorbers can also be used for enhancing absorption in both solar photovoltaic[5][6] and thermo-photovoltaic[7][8] applications. Skin depth engineering can be used in metamaterial absorbers in photovoltaic applications as well as other optoelectronic devices, where optimizing the device performance demands minimizing resistive losses and power consumption, such as photodetectors, laser diodes, and light emitting diodes.[9]

In addition, the advent of metamaterial absorbers enable researchers to further understand the theory of metamaterials which is derived from classical electromagnetic wave theory. This leads to understanding the material's capabilities and reasons for current limitations.[1]

Unfortunately, achieving broadband absorption, especially in the THz region (and higher frequencies), still remains a challenging task because of the intrinsically narrow bandwidth of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) or localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) generated on metallic surfaces at the nanoscale, which are exploited as a mechanism to obtain perfect absorption.[2]

Metamaterials

Metamaterials are artificial materials which exhibit unique properties which do not occur in nature. These are usually arrays of structures which are smaller than the wavelength they interact with. These structures have the capability to control electromagnetic radiation in unique ways that are not exhibited by conventional materials. It is the spacing and shape of a given metamaterial's components that define its use and the way it controls electromagnetic radiation. Unlike most conventional materials, researchers in this field can physically control electromagnetic radiation by altering the geometry of the material's components. Metamaterial structures are used in a wide range of applications and across a broad frequency range from radio frequencies, to microwave, terahertz, across the infrared spectrum and almost to visible wavelengths.[1]

Absorbers

"An electromagnetic absorber neither reflects nor transmits the incident radiation. Therefore, the power of the impinging wave is mostly absorbed in the absorber materials. The performance of an absorber depends on its thickness and morphology, and also the materials used to fabricate it." [10]

"A near unity absorber is a device in which all incident radiation is absorbed at the operating frequency–transmissivity, reflectivity, scattering and all other light propagation channels are disabled. Electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbers can be categorized into two types: resonant absorbers and broadband absorbers.[2][11]

Principal conceptions

A metamaterial absorber utilizes the effective medium design of metamaterials and the loss components of permittivity and magnetic permeability to create a material that has a high ratio of electromagnetic radiation absorption. Loss is noted in applications of negative refractive index (photonic metamaterials, antenna systems metamaterials) or transformation optics (metamaterial cloaking, celestial mechanics), but is typically undesired in these applications.[1][12]

Complex permittivity and permeability are derived from metamaterials using the effective medium approach. As effective media, metamaterials can be characterized with complex ε(w) = ε1 + iε2 for effective permittivity and µ(w) = µ1 + i µ2 for effective permeability. Complex values of permittivity and permeability typically correspond to attenuation in a medium. Most of the work in metamaterials is focused on the real parts of these parameters, which relate to wave propagation rather than attenuation. The loss (imaginary) components are small in comparison to the real parts and are often neglected in such cases.

However, the loss terms (ε2 and µ2) can also be engineered to create high attenuation and correspondingly large absorption. By independently manipulating resonances in ε and µ it is possible to absorb both the incident electric and magnetic field. Additionally, a metamaterial can be impedance-matched to free space by engineering its permittivity and permeability, minimizing reflectivity. Thus, it becomes a highly capable absorber.[1][12][13]

This approach can be used to create thin absorbers. Typical conventional absorbers are thick compared to wavelengths of interest,[14] which is a problem in many applications. Since metamaterials are characterized based on their subwavelength nature, they can be used to create effective yet thin absorbers. This is not limited to electromagnetic absorption either.[14]

The effective absorber has to be wave-matched with the absorber medium when reflection is minimal and the energy flow inside of it is maximum. Simultaneously, a depth of absorbing layer inside of the absorber has to contain many wave-lenghts when wave looses its energy gradually. To fulfill the requirements partly, special techniques are applied as the quarter-wave matching, optical coating, impedance matching and others. Found theoretical and experimental decisions give appropriate results for 20-th century. Only 155 years later after Fresnel's formulas deduction, Sergei P. Efimov from Bauman Moscow State Technical University found parameters of anisotropic medium i. e. of non-reflecting crystal, when absolute wave-matching is achieved for all frequencies and all incidence angles. [15] [16]

Two concepts- negative-index metamaterial found by Victor G. Veselago from Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology[17] and non-reflecting crystal were both pure theoretical achievements of electrodynamics and acoustics nearly 30 years unless the epoch of metamaterials came at last. [18] [19] [20] [21]

Sergei P. Efimov used fundamental property of Maxwell's equations. If to change scale of Z-axis: Z'=Z/K, i. e. to compress medium with ε=1 for half-space Z>0, then Maxwell's equations go to those for macroscopic medium. Permittivity εz of it along axis Z is equal to K when transverse that εtr is equal to 1/K. Magnetic permeability along axis Z μz is equal to K and transverse that is equal to 1/K. Straight calculation of reflection index gives zero at all angles and all frequencies naturally. It is good present from Maxwell's equations for the absorption metamaterial designers. At the same time, it is very important that the compression coefficient K can be negative and complex even. Analogous transformation can be applied for acoustics what gives the non-negative crystal as a theoretical concept. As a result, wave-length in the metamaterial is K times less than in empty space. Therefore, thickness of absorption layer can be K times less.

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See also

References
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  2. Yu, Peng; Besteiro, Lucas V.; Huang, Yongjun; Wu, Jiang; Fu, Lan; Tan, Hark H.; Jagadish, Chennupati; Wiederrecht, Gary P.; Govorov, Alexander O. (2018). "Broadband Metamaterial Absorbers". Advanced Optical Materials. 7 (3): 1800995. doi:10.1002/adom.201800995. ISSN 2195-1071.
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  6. Wang, Y.; Sun, T.; Paudel, T.; Zhang, Y.; Ren, Z.; Kempa, K. (2011). "Metamaterial-plasmonic absorber structure for high efficiency amorphous silicon solar cells". Nano Letters. 12 (1): 440–445. Bibcode:2012NanoL..12..440W. doi:10.1021/nl203763k. PMID 22185407.
  7. Wu, C.; Neuner III, B.; John, J.; Milder, A.; Zollars, B.; Savoy, S.; Shvets, G. (2012). "Metamaterial-based integrated plasmonic absorber/emitter for solar thermo-photovoltaic systems". Journal of Optics. 14 (2): 024005. Bibcode:2012JOpt...14b4005W. doi:10.1088/2040-8978/14/2/024005.
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  10. Alici, Kamil Boratay; Bilotti, Filiberto; Vegni, Lucio; Ozbay, Ekmel (2010). "Experimental verification of metamaterial based subwavelength microwave absorbers" (Free PDF download). Journal of Applied Physics. 108 (8): 083113–083113–6. Bibcode:2010JAP...108h3113A. doi:10.1063/1.3493736. hdl:11693/11975.
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Further reading
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