Merlin Tuttle

Merlin Devere Tuttle (born August 26, 1941) is an American ecologist, conservationist, writer and wildlife photographer who has specialized in bat ecology, behavior, and conservation. He is credited with protecting the Austin Congress Avenue Bridge bat colony from extermination.[1][2][3][4] Tuttle is currently active as founder and executive director of Merlin Tuttle's Bat Conservation in Austin, Texas.

Merlin Devere Tuttle
Merlin feeding a mealworm to a little big-eared bat (Micronycteris megalotis) in Trinidad, 2016
Born (1941-08-26) August 26, 1941
Honolulu, Hawaii
Known forBat ecology and photography, conservationism
TitleFounder & Executive Director Merlin Tuttle's Bat Conservation
Founder & Former Director Bat Conservation International
Advisory Board Member Disney's Animal Kingdom
Former Curator of Mammals Milwaukee Public Museum
Research Fellow, Department of Integrative Biology The University of Texas at Austin
Co-Director Smithsonian Venezuelan Project
Awards
  • Gerrit S. Miller, Jr. Award
  • National Fish and Wildlife Foundation's Chuck Yeager Award
  • Chevron/Times-Mirror Conservation Award
  • Texas 77th Legislature House Resolution No. 1008 Commendation
  • Margaret Douglas Medal
  • The National Speleological Society Honorary Life Member
  • Honorary Doctorate Andrews University
  • Honorary Life Membership North American Society for Bat Research
Academic background
Alma materAndrews University (BA)
University of Kansas (MA, Ph.D.)
Academic work
InstitutionsMerlin Tuttle's Bat Conservation
Bat Conservation International
University of Texas

Tuttle is known for his lifetime of work in bat research and preservation, founding the conservation organizations Merlin Tuttle's Bat Conservation and Bat Conservation International (BCI), his efforts in the establishment of the National Park of American Samoa,[5][6] his research on gray bat population ecology migration,[7][8][8] and the frog-eating bats Trachops cirrhosus.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]

Tuttle's photography of bats has been featured in numerous National Geographic Society publications, including 100 Best Pictures and 100 Years of Adventure and Discovery.[19][20][21][22] In 2002, the United States Postal Service released a commemorative stamp series featuring Tuttle's photographs.[23][24] In 2019, Tuttle served as science editor and photographer for the Smithsonian Books publication BATS: an illustrated guide to all species. He has received accolades for his research and conservation work, including the Gerritt S. Miller Jr. Award, and has been honored by the Texas State House of Representatives.[25]

In 2015, Tuttle published his memoir, The Secret Lives of Bats: My Adventures With the World’s Most Misunderstood Mammals.[26][27][28]

Early life
External audio
Adventures With a Bat Biologist, 12:29, To the Best of Our Knowledge[29]
External video
"Merlin Tuttle shares bats with David Letterman", YouTube video
"The importance of bats", YouTube video

Tuttle earned a bachelor of arts degree in zoology from Andrews University, located in Berrien Springs, Michigan. He then entered graduate school at the University of Kansas, where he studied systematics, ecology, and evolution.[21] His master's thesis focused on zoogeography of Peruvian bats.[30] He obtained his Ph.D in 1974, completing his dissertation on population ecology and migration of gray bats.[21] He subsequently published several academic papers based on his research,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37] as well as numerous books about bats (many of which are aimed at lay readers).[38][39][26][40]

Smithsonian Venezuelan Project

In 1965, Tuttle was hired by the U.S. Army and the Smithsonian Institution to co-direct an expedition into the Amazonian Rainforest territory of Venezuela.[41] The project, coordinated by Charles O. Handley, Jr., curator of mammals at National Museum of Natural History, was intended to collect a large, representative sample of Venezuelan mammals and their ectoparasites in order to study mammal-parasite-habitat relationships.[42][43]

Upon arriving in Venezuela with his field team, Tuttle was captured in Caracas by communist guerillas of the Revolutionary Left Movement who at this time were struggling in armed conflict against the Venezuelan army.[44]

National Park of American Samoa

In 1985, BCI trustees Verne and Marion Read, Paul Cox, a professor of botany at Brigham Young University and Tuttle traveled to American Samoa to investigate the decline of Samoan Flying Fox populations due to the decimation of their habitat and commercial hunting.[5][45] Their work evolved into a successful two-year initiative to create the National Park of American Samoa with the aid of American Samoa Governor A.P. Lutali, Lt. Governor Eni Hunkin, Samoan chiefs and a coalition of legislators and supporters.[46] On October 31, 1988, U.S. President Ronald Reagan signed the Samoan park bill into law, establishing the first-ever tropical rainforest protected by the U.S. National Park Service and included 8,500 acres of pristine rainforest, coastal habitat, and coral atolls.[47][48]

Merlin Tuttle's Bat Conservation

Ann W. Richards Congress Avenue Bridge

In March 1986, Tuttle resigned from his position as Curator of Mammals at the Milwaukee Public Museum in Wisconsin and relocated his fledgling conservation organization to Austin, which had been making national headline news for its urban bat population.[1][49] At the time, the Congress Avenue Bridge bats were widely unpopular and the colony was at risk of extermination.[3] Tuttle's public education campaign to save the bats through dispelling myths and misconceptions about their threats to the citizens of Austin was met with widespread skepticism and earned him the 1986 Texas Monthly Bum Steer Award.[2] However, with help from a coalition of leaders in the Austin community, the Public Health Department, and news media, Tuttle's persistent education efforts successfully reversed public opinion about the bats and turned the Congress Avenue Bridge bat colony into the highly-profitable tourist attraction for the city of Austin that it is today.[50]

Selected bibliography
  • Tuttle, Merlin (2005). America's Neighborhood Bats: Understanding and Learning to Live in Harmony with Them (2nd revised ed.). Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292712805.
  • Tuttle, Merlin; Kiser, Mark; Kiser, Selena (2005). The Bat House Builder's Handbook (2nd ed.). Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780974237916.
  • Tuttle, Merlin (2015). The Secret Lives of Bats: My Adventures with the World's Most Misunderstood Mammals. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780544382275.
  • Taylor, Marianne; Tuttle, Merlin, eds. (2019). Bats: An Illustrated Guide to All Species. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books. ISBN 9781588346476.

Notes
  1. "Merlin's History in Bat Conservation - Merlin Tuttle's Bat Conservation". www.merlintuttle.org.
  2. "The Year Austin Wanted to Exterminate the Bats". September 24, 2019.
  3. "History of Austin's famous Congress Avenue bats flies from hysteria to city treasure". CultureMap Austin.
  4. https://www.batcon.org/pdfs/stories/BATSSummer09MDT.pdf
  5. "BATS Magazine Article: BCI Helps Samoans Gain National Park". www.batcon.org.
  6. NPS 1988
  7. Tuttle, M.D. 1975
  8. Tuttle, M.D. 1976.
  9. Barclay, R.M.; Fenton, M.B.; Tuttle, M.D.; Ryan, M.J. 1981.
  10. Ryan, M.J.; Tuttle, M.D.; Taft, L.K. 1981.
  11. Tuttle, M.D.; Ryan, M.J. 1981.
  12. Ryan, M.J.; Tuttle, M.D 1982.
  13. Tuttle, M.D.; Taft, L.K.; Ryan, M.J. 1982
  14. Tuttle, M.D.; Ryan, M.J. 1982.
  15. Ryan, M.J.; Tuttle, M.D.; Barclay, R.M.R. 1983.
  16. Ryan, M.J.; Tuttle, M.D. 1983.
  17. Tuttle, M.D.; Ryan, M.J.; Belwood, J.J. 1985.
  18. Ryan, M.J.; Tuttle, M.D.
  19. Allen, W.L. 2001.
  20. Digital Photographer 2007.
  21. Bryan, C.D.B. 1994
  22. "BATS Magazine Article: Bats Go Postal". www.batcon.org.
  23. "Bats Acitivity Guide" (PDF). www.csu.edu.
  24. "House Resolution 1008" (PDF). lrl.texas.gov.
  25. Tuttle, M.D. 2015
  26. "'The Secret Lives of Bats': story of a misunderstood mammal". The Seattle Times. December 20, 2015.
  27. Pain, Stephanie. "The Secret Lives of Bats: The adventures of the real batman". New Scientist.
  28. "Adventures With a Bat Biologist". To the Best of Our Knowledge via WNYC. August 28, 2016. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
  29. Tuttle, M.D. 1970
  30. Tuttle, M.D.; Robertson, P.B. 1969
  31. Tuttle, M.D.; Stevenson, D.E. 1977
  32. Tuttle, M.D. 1978
  33. Tuttle, M.D. 1979
  34. Tuttle, M.D. 1982
  35. Humphrey, S.R.; Tuttle, M.D. 1978
  36. Stevenson, D.E.; Tuttle, M.D. 1981
  37. Tuttle, Merlin 2005.
  38. Tuttle, Merlin; Kiser, Mark; Kiser, Selena 2005.
  39. Taylor, Marianne; Tuttle, Merlin, eds. 2019.
  40. "Smithsonian Venezuelan Project". Smithsonian Institution Archives. May 26, 2016.
  41. "(no title)". www.pkmillerwriter.com.
  42. "Mammals of the Smithsonian Venezuelan Project / by Charles O. Handley, Jr". Smithsonian Institution.
  43. "Adventures of a Real Batman: 1966 – 1967 | Chapter 1: Back to Venezuela". May 2, 2020.
  44. "Loyal Friends Keep BCI Strong, Pg. 32" (PDF). upbathouses.com.
  45. "Adventurer wouldn't let Grand Canyon fall stop him". www.jsonline.com.
  46. "National Park of American Samoa Public Law 100-571 100th Congress" (PDF). www.govinfo.gov.
  47. "Text of H.R. 4818 (100th): A bill to establish the National Park of Samoa. (Passed Congress version)". GovTrack.us.
  48. Locke, Robert (Summer 2009). "A lifetime of bats and science". Bat Conservation International. pp. 2–3.
  49. "Congress Bridge Impact" (PDF). www.batcon.org.
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References
  • The National Park Service and American Samoa Government (July 1988). National Park Feasibility Study, American Samoa (PDF) (Report).CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  • Tuttle, M.D. (1975). "Population Ecology of the Gray Bat (Myotis grisescens): Factors Influencing Preflight Growth and Development". Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas. University of Kansas (36): 1–24.
  • Tuttle, M.D. (1976). "Population Ecology of the Gray Bat (Myotis grisescens): Factors Influencing Growth and Survival of Newly Volant Young". Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas. University of Kansas (56): 587–595.
  • Tuttle, M.D. (1976). "Population Ecology of the Gray Bat (Myotis grisescens): Philopatry, Timing and Patterns of Movement, Weight Loss During Migration, and Seasonal Adaptive Strategies". Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas. University of Kansas (54): 1–38.
  • Barclay, R.M.; Fenton, M.B.; Tuttle, M.D.; Ryan, M.J. (1981). "Echolocation Calls Produced by Trachops cirrhosis (Chiroptera: Phyllostomatidae) while Hunting for Frogs". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 59 (5): 750–753. doi:10.1139/z81-107.
  • Ryan, M.J.; Tuttle, M.D.; Taft, L.K. (1981). "The Costs and Benefits of Frog Chorusing Behavior". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 8 (4): 273–278. doi:10.1007/BF00299526. S2CID 39431995.
  • Tuttle, M.D.; Ryan, M.J. (1981). "Bat Predation and the Evolution of Frog Vocalizations in the Neotropics". Science. 214 (4521): 677–678. Bibcode:1981Sci...214..677T. doi:10.1126/science.214.4521.677. PMID 17839660. S2CID 5627264.
  • Ryan, M.J.; Tuttle, M.D. (1982). "Bat Predation and Sexual Advertisement in a Neotropical Anuran". The American Naturalist. 119 (119): 136–139. doi:10.1086/283899.
  • Tuttle, M.D.; Taft, L.K.; Ryan, M.J. (1982). "Evasive Behavior of a Frog in Response to Bat Predation". Animal Behaviour. 30 (2): 393–397. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(82)80050-X. S2CID 53161327.
  • Tuttle, M.D.; Ryan, M.J. (1982). "The Role of Synchronized Calling, Ambient Light, and Noise in Anti-Bat-Predator Behavior of a Tree Frog". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology (11): 125–131. doi:10.1007/BF00300101. S2CID 29430974.
  • Ryan, M.J.; Tuttle, M.D.; Barclay, R.M.R. (1983). "Behavioral Response of the Frog-Eating Bat, Trachops cirrhosus to Sonic Frequencies". Journal of Comparative Physiology. 150 (4): 413–418. doi:10.1007/BF00609567. S2CID 37404628.
  • Ryan, M.J.; Tuttle, M.D. (1983). "The Ability of the Frog-Eating Bat to Discriminate among Novel and Potentially Poisonous Species Using Acoustic Cues". Animal Behaviour (31): 827–833. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(83)80239-5. S2CID 54335606.
  • Tuttle, M.D.; Ryan, M.J.; Belwood, J.J. (1985). "Acoustical Resource Partitioning by Two Species of Phyllostomatid Bats (Trachops cirrhosus and Tonatia sylvicola)". Animal Behaviour. 33 (4): 1369–1270. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(85)80204-9. S2CID 53160674.
  • Ryan, M.J.; Tuttle, M.D. (1987). "The Role of Prey-Generated Sounds, Vision and Echolocation in Prey Localization by the African Bat (Megaderma cor megadermatidae)". Journal of Comparative Physiology (161): 59–66. doi:10.1007/BF00609455. S2CID 31682842.
  • Allen, W.L. (2001). "National Geographic 100 Best Pictures (Collector's Edition)". National Geographic. 1.
  • "The Best Wildlife Photographers of the World". Digital Photographer. 2007.
  • Bryan, C.D.B. (1994). The National Geographic Society, 100 years of adventure and discovery. New York: Abradale Press/Harry N. Abrams. p. 484. ISBN 0810981351.
  • Tuttle, Merlin (2015). The Secret Lives of Bats: My Adventures with the World's Most Misunderstood Mammals. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780544382275.
  • Tuttle, M.D. (1970). "Distribution and Zoogeography of Peruvian Bats with Comments on Natural History". University of Kansas Science Bulletin. University of Kansas. 49 (49): 45–86. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.9197.
  • Tuttle, Merlin. "Curriculum Vitae". MerlinTuttle.org. Retrieved February 14, 2019.
  • Tuttle, M.D.; Robertson, P.B. (1969). "The Gray Bat, Myotis grisescens, East of the Appalachians". Journal of Mammalogy (50): 37.
  • Tuttle, M.D.; Stevenson, D.E. (1977). "An Analysis of Movement as a Mortality Factor in the Gray Bat, Based on Public Recoveries of Banded Bats". American Midland Naturalist (97): 235–240. doi:10.2307/2424704. JSTOR 2424704.
  • Tuttle, M.D. (1978). "Variation in the Cave Environment and its Biological Implications". In R. Zuber; J. Chester; S. Gilbert; D. Rhodes (eds.). National Cave Management Symposium Proceedings. Albuquerque, NM: Adobe Press. pp. 108–121.
  • Tuttle, M.D. (1979). "Status, Causes of Decline, and Management of the Endangered Gray Bat". Journal of Wildlife Management (44): 955–960.
  • Tuttle, M.D. (1982). "Gray Bat". In D.E. Davis (ed.). Handbook of Census Methods for Terrestrial Vertebrates. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 127–128.
  • Humphrey, S.R.; Tuttle, M.D. (1978). "Myotis grisescens". Rare and endangered biota of Florida. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. 1–3.
  • Stevenson, D.E.; Tuttle, M.D. (1981). "Survivorship in the Endangered Gray Bat (Myotis grisescens)". Journal of Mammalogy. 62 (2): 244–257. doi:10.2307/1380702. JSTOR 1380702.
  • Tuttle, Merlin (2005). America's Neighborhood Bats: Understanding and Learning to Live in Harmony with Them (2nd revised ed.). Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292712805.
  • Tuttle, Merlin; Kiser, Mark; Kiser, Selena (2005). The Bat House Builder's Handbook: Second Edition (2nd ed.). Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780974237916.
  • Taylor, Marianne; Tuttle, Merlin, eds. (2019). Bats: An Illustrated Guide to All Species. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books. ISBN 9781588346476.
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