Maxim Rudometkin
Maxim Gavrilovich Rudometkin (also Rudomyotkin; Russian: Максим Гаврилович Рудомёткин; c. 1818 – last seen in 1877) was a leader of a sect of Spiritual Christian Pryguny (Jumpers) (Russian: Прыгуны : Jumpers) called Maksimisti.
In 1932, in Los Angeles his writings were collectively published with four other Prygun leaders as a Russian language religious text titled Kniga solntse, dukh i zhizn (Book of the Sun, Spirit and Life), placed next to the Russian Synodal Bible.
Early life
He was born in the village of Algasovo, Tambov Governorate, central Russia (c. 1818 – 1822).[1] At the age of eight, according to a letter written by him to his followers, his parents forsook the Orthodox faith Russian Orthodox Church and joined the Spiritual Christian prygun faith.[2] At sometime during the years 1838 and 1842, the Rudometkin family moved to the South Caucasus during a period of massive resettlement of undesirable (non-Orthodox) heretics to the periphery of the Russian Empire where he played a major role in the founding of a new sect of Pryguny (Jumpers) in Erivan Governorate called Maksimisti. Most of his adherents resettled from the Molochna River area, Novorossiya (New Russia, South Ukraine) and from Central Russia to colonize the South Caucasus.
The Rudometkin family eventually settled in the village of Nikitino in 1842, [3] Erivan Governorate, renamed Fioletovo in 1936, where he along with his wife, Maria Feodorovna, raised three boys, Ermolai, Alexei and Vassya. He prophesied of the apocalypse often, and as his reputation grew he was given the leadership role (presviter, presbyter) by L.P. Sokoloff. An eyewitness account reports the ceremony was performed by the laying on of hands by Sokoloff with a blessing of the Holy Spirit.[4]
General history
After his anointment by Sokoloff, Rudometkin then introduced through spiritual inspiration, a new form of worship which involved jumping while under the influence of the Holy Spirit during church services. This was done as a fulfillment of the prophecies of Sokoloff, who wrote that a time would come when the righteous will skip and jump like the calves and lambs of the field. Previously, his followers only experienced a form of prophecy and raising of hands during their worship services. This form of worship took place during home meetings or when working in the fields. Rudometkin preached a high reliance on spiritual inspiration. When his adherents would feel the Spirit come upon them, they would leap and jump in the Spirit speaking in new tongues (glossolalia) and prophesy. Rudometkin was a charismatic individual who traveled from village to village, preaching of repentance and of the coming 1000 year kingdom of Christ upon earth, which is written of in the book of Revelation. On December 19, 1854, he was spiritually crowned by the community through their activity of the Holy Spirit to be called the "king of spirits" (Царь Духов) and "leader of the people of Zion."
After this "spiritual coronation", he then appointed two prophets and two prophetesses to represent him in spiritual matters in the community. The prophets were named Emelian Telegin and Fitis Nazaroff, the two prophetesses were named Stenya Kartashova and Varya Manuseeva.[5] Rudometkin frequently called his community the New Israel, jumpers and leapers (skakuny i pryguny) and the children of Zion. In the year 1855, this coronation was confirmed by a young boy prophet named Efim Gerasimovich Klubnikin, who at 12 years old, prophesied concerning the spiritual kingship of Rudometkin among his followers. The Jumper label regarding this group of Spiritual Christians was first used in Orthodox print about 1856 to describe these various sectarian groups. This spiritual preaching and activity reached its peak into 1858, in which, according to certain files, close to half of the sectarians in Transcaucasia accepted and acknowledged Rudometkin as king of spirits and leader of Zion. On August 25 of 1858, his followers erected a large banner on the road into their village, declaring the end of the tsarist regime and the soon coming establishment of Christ's kingdom upon earth. This banner was seen by local authorities and also by the two grand dukes, Michael Nikolaevich and Nicholas Nicolaievich the elder, during a visit of theirs to the area. The banner was quickly confiscated by the authorities and it was later reported to higher officials that the followers of Rudometkin, due to his teachings, were beginning to pose a political and religious threat in the area against the authority-ship of the Tsar and the official religion of his regime. Which was the state religion of Eastern Orthodoxy.
With this new information, the local authorities decided to go to the source and arrest Rudometkin on the following counts: Violation of government, violation of the general public, violation of citizenship, violation of family and violation of religion. Upon arrest, they sent him to a prison in Alexandropol on September 12, 1858, and on October 29, 1858, the local governor requested the Holy Synod to send him to the Solovetsky Monastery correction facility. This request was granted on December 25, 1858, and in March 1859, he was then sentenced to walk in shackles from Tbilisi (Tiflis) (where he was later awaiting sentencing) to Solovki until he later reached the Solovetsky Monastery the following year on April 30, 1860. After sitting incarcerated for 9 years and 9 days, through the intercession of Count Dmitry Tolstoy the minister of Internal Affairs, due to inhuman treatment and not finding any fault in him, Rudometkin was then transferred to a more humane monastery prison in Suzdal, Central Russia, the Monastery of Saint Euthymius (also: Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery). He arrived there on May 27, 1869. In this prison, he sat for 8 more years until on May 13, 1877, as reported by the arch-priest, he died of an epileptic seizure. When this information was received by his congregants in Nikitino, they sent an elder of their church (Vassily V. Morozov) and Rudometkin's eldest son, Ermolai, to inquire further. On their arrival, they were not shown enough proof in their opinion to ascertain Rudometkin's death. They said on their arrival back to their home village of Nikitino, that the guard told them that they seek the living amongst the dead. Many of Rudometkin's followers to this day believe that he never died and will return at the end of the age.
Modern history
Before the Russian Revolution (1904–1912) a variety of Spiritual Christians fled to Los Angeles, diverted from following Doukhobors to Canada by Peter Demens, most for economic reasons and some inspired by the prophecies of Rudometkin and by the boy prophet Efim Gerasemovich Klubnikin. A variety of followers of Rudometkin survive to this day among independent congregations (tribes) of Dukhovnye Molokane mostly located in the North Caucasus (primarily Stavropol krai), Armenia, California, Oregon, and Australia.
Rudometkin, while he spent 19 years in monastic correction facilities, wrote many small booklets on tea paper about 4 × 3½ in size. These booklets were then smuggled out of the monastery to his followers. Before the migration to America, a prayer book was published in 1905, which contained some of the songs and prayers of Rudometkin, this is the first time any of his writings were put into a book form. Members of his family brought his booklets with them on their journey to America and held them in high regard and soon thereafter were put to print. These writings were compiled in an incomplete form in a book titled the "Morning Star" by a group of his followers who were settled in Arizona in 1915 where a few of his sister's descendants resided. At the same time in Los Angeles, Ivan Gureyevich Samarin, also published a similar version of the Morning Star in his own work titled "Spirit and Life". More manuscripts were submitted from the writings of Sokoloff, Efim G. Klubnikin, and Feodor Osipovich Bulghakov (pen name: David Yesseyevich. A final version was enhanced and edited by Ivan G. Samarin, and published in 1928 as a 758-page collection titled, Книга Солнца, Дух и Жизнь (Kniga solntse, dukh i zhizn, Book of the Sun, Spirit and Life).
See also
References
- Samarin, Ivan (1928). Spirit and Life, Book of the Sun (5th ed.). p. 50.
- Samarin, Ivan (1928). Spirit and Life, Book of the Sun (5th ed.). p. 467.
- Dolzhenko, I.V. (XIX-nachalo XX vv.), in Dukhobortsy i molokane v zakavkaz’e, 13–14; idem, Pervye russkie pereselentsy v Armenii (30–50-e gody XIX v.) Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, seriia 8: Istoriia, no. 5 (1974): 59..
- Prohoroff, William (1978). Maxcim Gavrilovich Rudometkin "King of Spirits". Sacramento, CA. pp. 275–279.
- Dingel-shted, Nikolai. Zakavkaskie Sektanty. Saint Petersburg. p. 61.