Mary of Waltham

Mary of Waltham (10 October 1344 – September 1361)[note 1] Duchess of Brittany, was a daughter of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault and was the wife of John IV, Duke of Brittany, known in England as "John V" and "The Conqueror".

For the daughter of Edward I, see Mary of Woodstock.

Mary of Waltham
Duchess of Brittany[2]
Mary of Waltham, relief sculpture, detail from monument to Edward III in Westminster Abbey
Born	10 October 1344 Waltham, Hampshire
Died	September 1361 (aged 16)
Burial	Abingdon Abbey, Berkshire
Spouse	John IV, Duke of Brittany ( m. 1361)
House	Plantagenet
Father	Edward III of England
Mother	Philippa of Hainault

Life

When Mary was born at Bishop's Waltham Palace, Hampshire on 10 October 1344,[3] her future husband was already living with her brothers and sisters in the royal nursery.[4] This was as a result of her father's moves to create alliances in support of his renewed claim to the French throne.[5]

Seven years previously, King Philip VI of France attempted to confiscate the Duchy of Guyenne (also referred to as Aquitaine) from Edward III – an event that traditionally marks the beginning of the Hundred Years' War[6] – after which Edward used military force, diplomacy and marital links to strengthen his claim to the French throne. In the Duchy of Brittany succession dispute, he supported John of Montfort since a close alliance to the English crown with Brittany would give Edward access to the port of Brest for use by English troops.[7] When Montfort was captured, his wife, Joanna of Flanders, took over the campaign and, during the siege of Rennes, received military support from Edward. In return, she promised her son John (later John IV, Duke of Brittany) to one of his daughters.

After the lifting of the siege, she visited England in 1342 and left John with Edward for safety. He was assigned apartments in the royal nursery while his mother returned to France.[4] Joanna later became ill so Queen Philippa took John into her care. When John's father died in 1345, Edward III became his guardian.[8] Since Mary had been considered betrothed to John since birth, she was now, at the age of one, titular Duchess of Brittany. Mary and John spent their childhood together at The Tower, Langley, Eltham, Woodstock, Sunning, Clarendon and other royal palaces.[4] There is only one record of Mary ever leaving the court household and that was to visit her brother John of Gaunt and his wife Blanche, who had just had their first child. However, this visit was cut short by the death from plague of her uncle, Henry Duke of Lancaster, on 25 March 1361. Mary and her younger sister Margaret were only allowed very limited visits to family and were given less pocket money (20 marks per year) than their older siblings.[4]

Mary was married to John at Woodstock Palace around 3 July 1361.[3] No record of the wedding survives except the accounts for the wedding dress created by her tailor John Avery. The dress was a gift from the king. It was composed of a tunic and a mantle made from two types of cloth of gold: Racamatiz of Lucca and baldekyn d'outremer. The mantle must have been unusually long because seven pieces of cloth (45 ells) were needed to make it. It was lined with 600 trimmed minivers, a present from the king of France, and 40 ermine.[9] Her situation did not change after marriage since she and her husband remained at the English court. Further arrangements were planned for when the couple would leave England and take up residence in Brittany as the recognised Duke and Duchess. However, within a few months, Mary developed "a lethargic disease from which it was impossible to rouse her"[4] and she died sometime before 13 September 1361 without ever setting foot in Brittany. Her sister Margaret also died sometime after 1 October 1361,[3] and they were both buried in Abingdon Abbey. Queen Philippa commissioned a tomb at Abingdon and the king had windows erected in memory of the princesses at King's Langley Priory.[10] Her husband referred to her as "my late dearest companion".[4] They had no children.[11]

Ancestry

Ancestors of Mary of Waltham

8. Edward I of England[12] 4. Edward II of England[12] 9. Eleanor of Castile[12] 2. Edward III of England 10. Philip IV of France[12] 5. Isabella of France[12] 11. Joan I of Navarre[13] 1. Mary of Waltham 12. John II, Count of Holland[13] 6. William I, Count of Hainaut[13] 13. Philippa of Luxembourg[13] 3. Philippa of Hainault 14. Charles, Count of Valois[14] 7. Joan of Valois[13] 15. Margaret, Countess of Anjou[14]

Notes

1. Some sources state 1362 as year of death

References

1. Bronze statuette on the tomb of Edward III in St Edwards Chapel, Westminster Abbey"Mary, Duchess of Brittany". Westminster Abbey. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
2. Bronze statuette on the tomb of Edward III in St Edwards Chapel, Westminster Abbey"Mary, Duchess of Brittany". Westminster Abbey. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
3. Douglas Richardson (2012). Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study In Colonial And Medieval Families (2nd ed.). p. 74. ISBN 9781461045137.
4. Mary Anne Everett Green (1857). Lives of the Princesses of England, from the Norman Conquest, Volume 3. pp. 264–294.
5. Maurice Keen (17 February 2011). "The Hundred Years War". BBC History. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
6. "Hundred Years' War". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2014. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
7. Michael Prestwich (2008). Liberties and Identities in the Medieval British Isles: Volume 10 of Regions and regionalism in history. Boydell Press. p. 101. ISBN 9781843833741.
8. Michael Jones (2004, online 2008). "Montfort, John de, duke of Brittany and earl of Richmond (d. 1399)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 7 April 2014. Check date values in: |year= (help)
9. Stella Mary Newton (1980). Fashion in the Age of the Black Prince: A Study of the Years 1340–1365. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 9780851157672.
10. W Mark Ormrod (2012). Edward III:The English monarchs. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300119107.
11. James Panton (2011). Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy. Scarecrow Press. p. 330.
12. Armitage-Smith, Sydney (1905). John of Guant: King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Aquitaine and Lancaster, Earl of Derby, Lincoln, and Leicester, Seneschal of England. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 21. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
13. von Redlich, Marcellus Donald R. Pedigrees of Some of the Emperor Charlemagne's Descendants. I. p. 64.
14. Weir, Alison (1999). Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy. London: The Bodley Head. pp. 75, 92.

Preceded by Joanna of Flanders

Duchess consort of Brittany 1361–1362

Succeeded by Joan Holland