Mariano Puigdollers Oliver

Mariano Puigdollers Oliver (1896-1984) was a Spanish academic, politician and civil servant. Between 1920 and 1966 he held various jurisprudence chairs in numerous Spanish universities, mostly in Valencia (1924-1936) and in Madrid (1940-1966); he is known among key representatives of Spanish Natural law of the 1940s and 1950s. Initially a conservative monarchist, in the mid-1930s he joined Carlism and briefly served as its regional Valencian jefe. Since the late 1930s he identified himself with the Franco regime. During early and mid-Francoism he was employed at key posts at Dirección General de Asuntos Ecclesiásticos department within the Ministry of Justice, at Consejo Superior de Protección de Menores and at Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Between 1943 and 1965 he served in the Francoist Cortes. He is considered one of key officials implementng post-civil-war purges among the academics.

Mariano Puigdollers Oliver
Born
Mariano Puigdollers Oliver

1896
Madrid, Spain
Died1984
Madrid, Spain
NationalitySpanish
Occupationacademic, civil servant
Known foracademic, civil servant
Political partyCarlism, Francoism

Family and youth
great-grandfather

Mariano was descendant to an old Catalan family; the Puigdollers were of noble origins and got very much branched throughout the centuries.[1] Some of his distant ancestors and relatives distinguished themselves locally as writers, lawyers or astronomers.[2] His paternal grandfather Mariano Puigdollers, the native of Vich, was a craftsman and member of the local petty bourgeoisie. He married a local girl, María Vinader; she was the daughter of Ramón Vinader, a conservative Cortes deputy during the late Isabelline period and the minister of justice in the Estella-based Carlist government during the Third Carlist War.[3] Their son and Mariano's father, Mariano Puigdollers Vinader (died 1928),[4] moved from Catalonia to Madrid, where he initially worked in a jewelry studio and specialized in diamonds;[5] it is not clear whether he was its owner.[6] At unspecified time he married Remedios Oliver Ceniceros, originating from La Mancha but partially Catalan herself; nothing closer is known about her family.[7] In 1903 Mariano Puigdollers Vinader and his brother Luciano purchased a defunct watermill La Moneda in Segovia; they re-launched it in 1907 and operated afterwards.[8] After death of her husband Remedios Oliver sold the business.[9]

The couple had numerous children; Mariano was the oldest son.[10] They lived in the Madrid district of Buenavista,[11] raised in a very pious ambience marked by Catholic zeal and multiple religious engagements of Puigdollers Vinader.[12] It is not clear where Puigdollers Oliver received his early education.[13] Then he joined the Madrid Instituto General y Técnico de San Isidro and obtained baccalaureate with excellent marks in 1911.[14] At unspecified time though probably in the early 1910s Puigdollers enrolled at Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales at Universidad Central in Madrid; he graduated in 1916.[15] Initially he intended to join Cuerpo de Letrados del Consejo de Estado, an elite group of lawyers working for a governmental consultative body; however, as recruitment was adjourned, he opted for doctoral research in law.[16] In 1919 he got his PhD laurels[17] thanks to a thesis on Christian German philosophy of law.[18] The same year Puigdollers applied for a post at Universidad de Murcia, but eventually he switched to Galicia and having defeated 33 counter-candidates[19] in 1920 he assumed the chair of Elementos de Derecho Natural at the faculty of law of Universidad de Santiago.[20]

University of Santiago

In 1922[21] Puigdollers married María Isabel del Rio y Pérez-Caballero (died 1982);[22] she was daughter to José del Río y Paternina, an engineer and head of Negociado de Montes department[23] in Dirección General de Agricultura, Industria y Comercio, itself the section of Ministerio de Fomento.[24] The couple had no children; until outbreak of the Civil War they lived mostly in Valencia, afterwards in Madrid.[25] Among more distant Puigdollers’ relatives the one which gained nationwide notoriety was his paternal cousin, Josep Dencas Puigdollers,[26] an Estat Català politician, Cortes deputy during the Republic days and member of the Catalan self-government in 1932-1934. The younger brother of Mariano, Luciano, also an ACNdP activist, was killed by Republican militiamen when trying to flee to Andorra in 1938.[27]

Academic career
University of Valencia

When assuming Elementos de Derecho Natural in Santiago in 1920 Puigdollers took over an auxiliary post and according to his later account, as a hardline Catholic he was constantly harassed by academics of Institución Libre de Enseñanza.[28] In 1922 he was listed at position 488 at the national ranking of academics; the same year he took over the same chair in Seville. In 1924 he moved to Valencia, still chairing Elementos de Derecho Natural.[29] Initially he was among the youngest catedráticos,[30] in constant pursuit of permanent employment.[31] Over time his position grew; apart from supervising secondary education[32] in the late 1920s he was also taking part in internal assignment procedures.[33] He was also appointed to internal bodies investigating disciplinary cases. The one which gained particular attention was a 1929 investigation related to a secondary school professor, charged with antipatriotic and antireligious propaganda.[34] Puigdollers was nominated juez instructor; he found the defendant guilty[35] and recommended most severe measures, which indeed led to the person in question being fired.[36]

According to some historians, in the early 1930s Puigdollers started to count among “profesores más brillantes” of law in Valencia;[37] on the other hand, he published relatively few works and trailed behind many of his Valencian academic peers.[38] In 1931 he was listed at position 331 in the national academic ranking.[39] According to his own account, the new Republican authorities targeted him for ideological purges. Puigdollers was reportedly blacklisted by Fernando de los Ríos, minister of high education and the liberal militant pundit; it was the right-wing electoral victory of 1933 which prevented Puigdollers’ dismissal.[40] He continued at his Valencian post[41] until outbreak of the Civil War;[42] in 1935 he was listed at position 263 in the academic ranking.[43]

Complutense University, Madrid

The years of 1936-1939 mark the pause in Puigdollers’ academic career; at one point he was fired by the Valencian University,[44] but got reinstated once the Nationalists took over the city and formally was employed there until 1940.[45] However, since 1939 he was already related to Universidad de Madrid, e.g. when sitting in the jury assessing PhD thesis of Josemaría Escriva.[46] His initial 1940 bid for the chair of philosophy of law in Madrid failed,[47] but during another recruitment later the same year he was successful;[48] his spell at the chair of filosofía de derecho would last 25 years. Between 1947 and 1951 he headed an internal committee enforcing discipline at the faculties of law and letters; he directed purges aimed at staff deemed non-compliant with the Francoist regime.[49] He kept climbing the official academic ranking and in 1954 entered its sección primera; in 1958 he was ranked at position 19.[50] In the late 1950s and early 1960s he was among the most distinguished academics of the capital, not infrequently delivering lectures at inauguration of academic courses at the University.[51] In the mid-1960s and with 46 years of teaching he counted among the longest serving law professors,[52] in escalafón ranked as nr 1;[53] he retired in 1966.[54]

Thought and works
Acquinas

Already during his doctoral research Puigdollers focused on philosophy of law, the discipline he pursued for the rest of his life; in his choice he was inspired mostly by Fernando Pérez Bueno.[55] Initially Puigdollers was particularly impressed by a Thomist Viktor Cathrein, to whom he dedicated the doctoral dissertation[56] and whose thought contributed to Puigdoller's own view on law, ethics and society.[57] In the 1920s he turned towards the heritage of Luis Vives, presented in terms of “most pure” Spanish and Catholic orthodoxy.[58] Works of Antonio Rosmini and Luigi Taparelli directed Puigdollers towards Christian social thought,[59] while his concept of natural law was worked out thanks to influence of contemporary iusnaturalists from the older generation, Mendizábal Martín,[60] Rodríguez de Cepeda and González Castejon Elio.[61]

Puigdollers is considered a representative of “filosofía jurídica neotimista”,[62] a firm neo-Thomist[63] and even “best Spanish expert on St. Thomas”.[64] Within broader perspective he is usually categorized as neo-Scholastic Natural Law thinker; some name him an example of “iusnaturalismo neoscolástico” vs. “iusnaturalismo neokantiano”, “iusnaturalismo de los valores” and “iusnaturalismo renovador”,[65] other prefer to count him among “filosofía tomista y neotomista” vs. “filosofía neokantina” and “filosofía de los valores”.[66] In more specific typologies Puigdollers is deemed to be a member of Catholic/scholastic school vs. Falangist/ortegian school,[67] the two competing for domination in Spanish philosophy of law of the 1940s.[68] General accounts present him among key scholars of “pensamiento reaccionario y conservador”[69] or thinkers within “una corriente precisamente tradicional, … habitualmente conservadora y hasta reaccionaria en lo político”.[70] Some historians claim that he endorsed Fascist thought as related to this of St. Thomas,[71] others maintain that he defended Christian philosophy against 20th-century theories.[72] His understanding of human rights was reportedly derived from Christian theology[73] and opposed to heritage of the French Revolution.[74]

Luis Vives

All scholars agree that Puigdollers contributed to supremacy of iusnaturalismo in the Spanish philosophy of law of early and mid-Francoism;[75] some refer to “escuela de Mariano Puigdollers”, which in the 1940s and 1950s inspired Agustín de Asis Garrote or Traditionalist thinkers like Francisco Elías de Tejada and Francisco Puy Muñoz.[76] However, Puigdollers’ own thought is not counted as part of Traditionalism; if named “traditionalist” it is rather because of his political engagements and not because of his theoretical vision.[77] His key work is the in-depth study La filosofía española de Luis Vives (1940); other major works are philosophy of law course-books Programa para un curso de Elementos de Derecho Natural (1920) and Lecciones de Filosofía del Derecho (1947)[78] and his PhD dissertation, La filosofía del Derecho de Victor Catherein (1920). A theoretical study, La justicia. Estudio filosófico-jurídico, remained unedited.[79] Other Puigdollers’ writings are booklets with his earlier lectures,[80] articles in specialized periodicals[81] or prologues to juridical works.[82]

Conservative monarchist
Acción Católica logotype

Puigdollers’ great-grandfather was a Carlist minister and his own father was as Carlist as well, though possibly he later adhered to the breakaway Integrist branch;[83] however, there is no evidence of Puigdollers’ Carlist engagements during his youth. He was rather noted as involved in lay Catholic organizations; the first one was Los Luises, where he delivered lectures[84] and where he grew to Junta Directiva of the Madrid branch in 1918.[85] The same year he entered ACNdP[86] and in 1919 was active among Los Terciarios Franciscanos.[87] At the turn of the decade and like many ACNdP militants he turned towards social issues[88] and was attracted to an emerging grouping of likewise minded Christian activists. During his Galician spell Puigdollers was supporting emergence of related syndicates, named Acción Social Popular;[89] during his Andalusian spell in the early 1920s he joined the newly established Partido Social Popular and was member of its comisión organizadora in Seville; he also presided over its Sección de Estudios Político-Sociales[90] and tried to animate Catholic syndicalism.[91]

Upon the advent of Primo de Rivera's dictatorship PSP dissolved itself and readily contributed to institutionalization of the regime.[92] Also Puigdollers personally welcomed the dictatorship as “awakening of the Spanish conscience and joint communitarian effort of the nation”.[93] There is no confirmation of his membership in Primo's structures like Unión Patriótica or Somatén, yet it is clear that at his university position he enthusiastically promoted “patriarchal society of the primoriverrista dictatorship”[94] and was noted as one of the most conservative professors at the already right-wing-dominated University.[95] In 1928 Puigdollers got engaged in peculiar arbitration labor structures of the regime and was appointed member of the local Comité Paritario;[96] the same year he was nominated consejal to the city ayuntamiento.[97] Growing to secretary of the Valencian ACNdP branch,[98] he kept publishing booklets[99] and delivering lectures at Catholic organizations like Centro Escolar y Mercantil,[100] Asociación de Amigos de Luis Vives[101] or Acción Católica.[102]

street demonstration in Valencia, early 1930s

Following the fall of Primo Puigdollers engaged in the emerging Valencian branch of Unión Monárquica Nacional, a broad Alfonsist conservative party which disintegrated shortly upon advent of the Spanish Republic.[103] Though he viewed the new regime as national disaster,[104] Puigdollers did not join any of the mushrooming new political parties. Instead, in the early 1930s he neared a monarchist circle related to the review Acción Española and from its pages sniped against the Republic;[105] his last contribution identified is from 1935.[106] He continued as conservative Catholic pundit delivering lectures, e.g. at Legión Católica Española[107] Acción Católica[108] or Asociación Universitaria Católica de Derecho.[109] One more thread of his public activity was teaching at private Catholic education establishments; apart from Centro Escolar y Mercantil[110] they included Escuela de Formacion Social de Valencia,[111] founded by the Valencian branch of AC,[112] and in Instituto Social Obrero of Valencia; since 1934 he was its director.[113] Continuously viewed as member of the “most conservative” sector in Valencia University[114] during the so-called bienio negro he protested university nominations considered subversive.[115]

Carlist
Carlist rally, early 1930s

Despite his family Carlist antecedents Puigdollers is not known for any legitimist engagements prior to 1936. It is not clear when exactly and why he approached Comunión Tradicionalista, though some press notes suggest that his commitment to the cause lasted at least since the mid-1930s.[116] During the 1936 electoral campaign to the Cortes he stood in Valencia province as a Traditionalist candidate within a broad right-wing alliance.[117] Some 125,000 votes gathered were not enough to ensure triumph,[118] but Puigdollers continued his political bid. In March 1936 the Carlist leader Manuel Fal Conde nominated him the regional party jefe,[119] a fairly important position given relatively important role of Valencia in the nationwide Carlist network. None of the sources consulted provides details of the nomination and clarifies what mechanism elevated a well-known, but previously unrelated academic to the post of regional leader. Puigdollers assumed an active stance and was soon noted speaking at public Carlist rallies.[120]

In late spring of 1936 Puigdollers was among key civilians engaged in anti-Republican conspiracy in the Valencian region; as one of 3 members of Comité de Alzamiento[121] he held talks with the military from UME when arranging preparations for the rising.[122] His exact whereabouts during the July Coup are unknown, except that he remained in Valencia; following the loyalist triumph Puigdollers went into hiding, in unclear circumstances managed to leave the Republican zone[123] and in early September 1936 he was already in the Nationalist headquarters in Burgos. He was integrated within the wartime Carlist national executive, Junta Suprema Militar, and within Sección de Asuntos Generales he assumed jefatura of the newly created Delegación General de Enseñanza.[124] Nothing is known of Puigdollers’ activity at this post.[125] Instead, in early 1937 he was recorded among Carlist heavyweights discussing potential merger with Falange Española; in February in the Portuguese Insua he was undecided,[126] but during later talks with Falangist leaders he seemed favorably disposed towards some sort of alliance.[127]

Carlist standard

Puigdollers was among the Carlists who complied with terms of the unification, imposed by Franco on both the Falangists and the Carlists. In late April 1937 he was nominated to Comisión de Cultura y Enseñanza, one of 6 departments in the Francoist quasi-government, Junta Técnica de Estado; within the commission he headed the sub-section of primary education.[128] Within the body, largely busywith purges among the teaching staff,[129] Puigdollers was one of the hardliners.[130] However, Puigdollers demonstrated some unease about Carlist marginalization within the new Francoist structures. In October 1937 he did not appear – though he was supposed to attend – at an official academic rally in Burgos, intended to demonstrate unity of the Falangist and Carlist youth. Moreover, he was also suspected of instigating the Carlist participants and hence being co-responsible for cries “¡muera Franco, traidor!”, heard at the assembly.[131] In response, the FET secretary Joaquín Miranda fined Puigdollers, suspended his party membership and deposed him from all functions, including the state ones; Puigdollers was also barred from re-assuming any official post until October 1939.[132]

Francoist: Asuntos Ecclesiásticos
Rodezno

Despite Puigdollers’ ban on holding official posts, in early 1938 his fellow Carlist conde Rodezno, the minister of justice in the first Francoist government, appointed Puigdollers the head of Dirección General de Asuntos Eclesiásticos; the department was responsible for relations with the Catholic Church.[133] Since March 1938 he talked to Vatican on derogation of Republican divorce regulations and marriages concluded by the divorcees.[134] Another thread of his activity was channeling state funds for reconstruction of churches and convents destroyed in what used to be the Republican zone.[135] Corresponding with the primate[136] and local hierarchs, Puigdollers arranged massive administrative assistance for the Church, including concessions, tax exemptions,[137] registration of various organizations[138] or financial assistance to families of the religious killed by the Republicans.[139] He also encouraged depuration in religious ranks, especially with regard to priests harboring nationalist Basque or Catalan ideas.[140]

Puigdollers’ relations with the hierarchy were excellent. A member of executive bodies of various lay Catholic organizations,[141] in 1938 he entered Consejo Nacional of ACNdP[142] and attended its congress in Budapest;[143] in 1940 he was nominated by cardinal Goma to Consejo Superior de Acción Católica.[144] Some scholars present him as a man of the Church who infiltrated official administration and tried to counter religiously lukewarm Falangist designs. In 1943 as director of Asuntos Ecclesiásticos and unofficial Carlist representative[145] Puigdollers spoke to the US ambassador Hayes; during the conversation he tried to dissociate the Francoist system from Nazism and kept underling its Catholic profile.[146] In historiography his efforts are considered successful,[147] though he is not listed among key architects of the alliance between the Francoist state and the hierarchy.[148]

nacional-catolicismo

Puigdollers kept channeling funds for reconstruction of religious buildings until the early 1950s.[149] At that time he was also engaged in thorny concordat negotiations with Vatican; it is not clear what position he took.[150] Once the document was signed, in the mid-1950s he was busy with its application; in public lectures he hailed the agreement as expression of perfect understanding between the Francoist state and the Holy See.[151] He was hardly missing on most high-profile religious events of the time, opening institutions and exhibitions,[152] attending conferences and commemorative events[153] or taking part in Semana Santa; he usually represented the minister of justice.[154] He was within the Spanish contingent present during the funeral of Pius XII in 1958[155] and this of John XXIII in 1963.[156] However, it is unclear what position he took towards deteriorating relations between the state and the Church, as in the early 1960s the latter started to distance itself from the regime;[157] nothing is known of his opinion about the first draft of the law on religious liberty, promoted by Fernando Castiella and Manuel Fraga in 1964.[158] His public statements, like the 1964 lecture opening the academic course in Madrid, were perfectly aligned with the official policy; Puigdollers defended the so-called “derecho de presentación” and spoke against revision of the concordat.[159] He ceased as director general de Asuntos Eclesiásticos in 1965,[160] after 27 years in office.[161]

Francoist: in CSIC
CSIC headquarters, Madrid

In 1938 Puigdollers was re-admitted to official education structures; some scholars claim he kept working in Comisión de Cultura y Enseñanza,[162] the body which was dissolved following formation of the first regular Francoist government. Others focus rather on Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, a newly created board supposed to co-ordinate scientific research and subordinated to the newly created Ministry of Education; since 1940 he headed a CSIC section focused on philosophy, theology, juridical and economic sciences.[163] Most authors agree, however, that once in 1939 he had successfully passed the formal purge procedure himself,[164] Puigdollers started to co-ordinate the process of purging universities of unaligned professors.[165] Within a triumvirate formed jointly with Eugenio Vegas Latapie and Enrique Suñer Ordóñez he reportedly controlled access to academic posts in the period of late 1930s and the early 1940;[166] some scholars speak about “terror intellectual” they inflicted upon the academic world.[167]

In historiography there are slightly different opinions on Puigdollers’ role in CSIC of the 1940s and 1950s. In most works the stress is on his role in repressive measures against academics considered not sufficiently committed to the regime and on implementation of the Francoist orthodoxy. Some scholars, however, prefer rather to note his stand in confronting the Falangist influence. They claim that CSIC was “principal cover for Opus Dei’s assault on higher education”, a vehicle of imposing Catholic doctrine within the Spanish academic structures.[168] Within this perspective, Puigdollers along scholars like Miguel Sancho Izquierdo, Enrique Luño Peña, José Corts Grau, Francisco Elías de Tejada and Joaquín Ruiz-Gimenez served as a bulwark against the Falangist, Ortega-oriented current in philosophy of law.[169] Puigdollers was also involved in controversy which seems to be of personal origin.[170]

Opus Dei logotype

According to some authors, by means of his presence in CSIC Puigdollers controlled access to professorships in the philosophy of law until the 1960s.[171] However, other historians claim that in the mid-1950s he was gradually losing ground in the scientific board. As a scholar or traditionalist leaning he was increasingly at odds with a group of officials representing the Opus Dei clique, dominating in CSIC.[172] They were reportedly bent on getting Don Juan Carlos declared as the future Spanish king and determined not to allow control of the body by another monarchist grouping. Perturbed by proliferation of books of “un-spoilt Traditionalist thought” and resolute to counter Carlist cultural policy, in 1957 they allegedly blocked Puigdollers’ access to presidency of the Consejo.[173] In the late 1950s the opusdeistas, led by Laureano López Rodó, prevented also Puigdollers’ rise to president of Insituto de Estudios Jurídicos, where he was promoted by the Carlists. According to some scholars, his failure to land the job was detrimental to Traditionalist offensive in media, culture and science; they “perdieron las armas para hacer en estos cinco años una docena de catedráticos, que el carlismo necesita”.[174]

Francoist: penitentiary system official
Ministry of Justice, Madrid

In mid-1938 Puigdollers was appointed to Consejo Superior de Protección de Menores, a body controlled by the Ministry of Justice and entrusted with management of redemption program for juvenile offenders. Initially nominated its vice-president,[175] in 1941 he was already referred to as president of the body.[176] It is not clear how long he headed the Consejo, as in the early 1950s he was again noted as its vice-president.[177] In addition, since 1941 Puigdollers served as president of Tribunal de Apelación de Menores[178] and as member of Patronato de Protección a la Mujer,[179] one more Ministry of Justice dependent body bent on preventing female crime; it dealt chiefly with prostitution, though was also engaged in ideology-driven repressive measures. Last but not least, since the early 1940s Puigdollers was also director and professor of Ética y Derecho Natural at Escuela de Estudios Penitenciarios in Madrid.[180] Like in case of education, also as prominent official within the Francoist penitentiary system Puigdollers is viewed as an ACNdP man, who together with conde Rodezno, José Agustín Perez del Pulgar and Maximo Cuervo Radigales[181] worked on particular state and Church synergy. During early Francoism they were the men who “legislaron todo lo relative a la organización de prisiones y además escribieron sobre ello”.[182]

Francoist campaign to aid poor women and youngsters, Spain, mid-1940s

It is not clear how long Puigdollers served in Tribunal de Apelación and the women's Patronato; last press notes on his engagement come from the early 1940s. It is not the case of Consejo Superior de Protección de Menores; in 1948 Puigdollers has already received corporate homages for 10 years of his engagement in juvenile redemption system.[183] He kept serving as vice-president throughout the 1950s and entered Junta Nacional contra el Analfabetismo.[184] Puigdollers believed that juvenile crime was not the product of social or economic conditions, but resulted mostly from deficiencies in family life; hence, his focus was on enhancing traditional values in the Spanish society.[185] His views on dynamics of juvenile crime are not clear; during a closed session in 1960 he expressed concern about growing crime among the youth, principally car theft, vandalism and sex-related offences;[186] however, in a widely publicized statement of 1961 he declared that in principle, there was no such thing as juvenile crime in Spain.[187] Upon achieving the regular retirement age in 1965 Puigdollers resigned from his scholarship at Escuela de Estudios Penitenciarios,[188] but his duties at Patronato continued. The same year he was again appointed its acting president[189] and performed this role until 1968,[190] when he was nominated the honorary president. However, he retained some influence within the organization, as at the turn of the 1960s and 1970s he was still recorded as engaged in some of its activities. Like 30 years earlies, his focus was on co-operation with the Church and role of religious re-education institutions, like the ones ran by the Jesuits.[191]

Francoist: procurador and afterwards
CoA of Francoist Spain

Because of his official assignments Puigdollers exercised tangible influence in various areas of public life during early and mid-Francoism. His positions first in Comisión de Cultura y Enseñanza and then in Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas were related to education and science; his role in Asuntos Eclesiásticos department rendered him an important man in relations between the state and the Church; his presence in Consejo Superior de Protección de Menores and other similar boards allowed him to shape penitentiary and redemption system. However, when implementing and shaping the Francoist order he was an administrator and a propagandist rather than a key decision-maker; he has never hold major posts and one scholar named him a “second-row politician”.[192]

Upon the 1943 emergence of the Francoist quasi-parliament, Cortes Españolas, Franco included Puigdollers in the pool of his personal nominees. He kept re-appointing Puigdollers every time the new chamber was assembled, which translated into 8 successive nominations in 1943, 1946, 1949, 1952, 1955, 1958, 1961 and 1964. The last term expired in 1967, yet upon reaching the regular retirement age Puigdollers decided to vacate most positions and in 1965 resigned also his Cortes ticket;[193] he turned out to be one of the longest serving members of the Francoist parliament, with 32 successive years in the chamber.[194] However, little is known of his labors. They were usually related to juridical system, e.g. in 1943 he was noted working on draft of a law on “jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa”,[195] in 1957 on legislative projects related to criminal law,[196] in 1958 on governmental amendments to civil code[197] and in 1963 on setting up Tribunal de Orden Publico.[198]

Order of Isabella the Catholic

Puigdollers enjoyed limited personal access to Franco and a few times was officially reported as admitted by the dictator, e.g. in 1943,[199] 1963[200] or 1966.[201] Apart from various corporate homages he received throughout his service, Puigdollers was also awarded numerous state honors. In 1942 he received Commander with Plaque of Orden de Isabel La Católica, in 1946 he got Gran Cruz de la Orden del Mérito Civíl,[202] and in 1963 he was honored with Gran Cruz de la Orden de San Raimundo de Peñafort, apart from minor medals and titles like a Medal of Merit from Diputación de Barcelona. When retired he held honorary membership or presidency in various bodies or gatherings, e.g. in 1972 he presided over Jornadas Hispánicas de Derecho Natural.[203] After the Civil War he distanced himself from independent Carlist politics and was not noted as engaged in party structures,[204] though in private he cultivated the Traditionalist link; in the late 1950s he joined Ediciones Montejurra, a newly set Seville-based Carlist publishing house, and at least until the 1960s along with Manuel Senante, Francisco Elías de Tejada, Rafael Gambra and Agustín de Asís Garrote[205] was in its Consejo Asesor.[206] From Traditionalist positions he protested the constitution draft of 1977; as one of 61 academics he called to reject the draft in the referendum.[207] There is no information on his public activity after the date.

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See also

Footnotes
  1. Puigdollers entry, [in:] Heraldry Institute of Rome service, available here
  2. González Díaz-Llanos, Antonio Ezequiel, Don Mariano Puigdollers y Oliver, [in:] Anuario de filosofia del derecho 1966, p. 347
  3. Díaz-Llanos, Ezequiel 1966, pp. 347-348
  4. Las Provincias 04.12.28, available here
  5. Díaz-Llanos, Ezequiel 1966, p. 347
  6. Díaz-Llanos, Ezequiel 1966, pp. 347-348
  7. his maternal grandparents were Juan Oliver (from Bergoña, Gerona) and Andrea Ceniceros (from Cenicero, Logroño); Natividad Araque Hontangas, Puigdollers Oliver, Mariano (1896-1984), [in:] Diccionario de catedráticos españoles de derecho (1847-1943), UC3M service 04.04.2014, available here
  8. Amparo Martín Espinosa, Molinos de la Casa de Moneda de Segovia, [in:] Mario Sanz Elorza, Asunción Valdés del Fresno, José María Izaga Reiner (eds.), X Congreso Internacional de Molinología, Segovia 2016, ISBN 9788460877158, p. 476
  9. Araque Hontangas 2014. Some sources refer to Mariano Puigdollers as member of the "industriales" or "gran burguesía industrial", but it is not clear what the basis for this statement is, A. Sáez Alba, La ACNP: La otra cosa nostra, Paris 1974, available online here. No other sourcr confirms Puigdollers' engagement in industrial or business activities
  10. followed by Ramón, see Ramón Puigdollers Oliver entry, [in:] Geneanet service, available here, Luciano, see Luciano Puigdollers Oliver entry, [in:] Asociación Católica de Propagandistas service, available here, María, see ABC 23.08.84, available here, Rosario and José, see Rosario Puigdollers Oliver and José Puigdollers Oliver entries, [in:] My Ancestry service, available here
  11. Araque Hontangas 2014
  12. compare e.g. 1914 Catholic engagements of Puigdollers Vinader and his siblings, El Correo Español 13.08.14, available here, or La Epoca 11.05.14, available here
  13. probably in Madrid, Díaz-Llanos, Ezequiel 1966, p. 347
  14. Araque Hontangas 2014
  15. Araque Hontangas 2014
  16. Díaz-Llanos, Ezequiel 1966, p. 347
  17. Araque Hontangas 2014
  18. Díaz-Llanos, Ezequiel 1966, p. 348
  19. Díaz-Llanos, Ezequiel 1966, p. 349
  20. Díaz-Llanos, Ezequiel 1966, p. 349
  21. El Eco de Santiago 02.03.22, available here
  22. ABC 05.01.82, available here
  23. La Lectura Dominical 24.01.14, available here
  24. Guia Oficial de España 1910, p. 686, available here
  25. no children and grandchildren are listed in death notice of Puigdollers’ wife or his own one, compare ABC 01.05.82, available here, and ABC 23.08.84, available here
  26. Josep Dencas Puigdollers is reported as the son of Francesca Puigdollers i Vinadé from Vich, a Catalanized name of Francesca Puigdollers Vinader, the sister of Mariano Puigdollers Vinader, Josep Dencas i Puigdollers, [in:] Memoria Esquerra service, available here
  27. Luciano Puigdollers Oliver entry, [in:] Asociación Católica de Propagandistas service, available here
  28. allegedly activists related to Institución Libre controlled university promotions by of Junta para la Ampliación de Estudios, Díaz-Llanos, Ezequiel 1966, p. 349
  29. Araque Hontanas 2014
  30. however, he was not exceptionally young and there were few catedráticos younger than Puigdollers, Yolanda Blasco Gil, Entre la trayectoria universitaria y social: los catedráticos de derecho de Valencia, 1900-1939, [in:] Armando Pavón Romero (ed.), Promoción universitaria en el mundo hispánico, siglos XVI al XX, Mexico 2012, p. 196
  31. Blasco Gil 2012, p. 197
  32. and 1929 Puigdollers featured in Tribunal de Examen Final del Bachillerato Universitario, entrusted with verification of bachillerato titles awarded by Instituto de Segunda Ensañanza of Valencia, Las Provincias 02.06.29, available here
  33. Pascual Marzal Rodríguez, Una historia sin justicia: Cátedra, política y magistratura en la vida de Mariano Gómez, Valencia 2011, ISBN 9788437086736, p. 59
  34. the female professor of Normal Femenina de Valencia, Carmen García de Castro, was charged with dissemination of antipatriotic and antireligious ideas. In 1929 the rector of Valencian University appointed Puigdollers juez instructor in her case; she was denounced by a father of her student as “haberse pronunciado, dentro del ejercicio de la docencia, de manera antipatriótica, antirreligiosa, antifamiliar y antimonárquica”. The charge was chiefly about a list of mandatory books to be read by students, which included Gargantua and Pantagrual; Carmen Agulló Díaz, Expediente instruido por la Universidad de Valencia en 1929 a la profesora Da. Carmen García de Castro, debido a la acusación de “difundir entre sus alumnas doctrinas perniciosas”, [in:] Historia de la educación 20 (2001), p. 469
  35. Puigdollers ended his investigation with conclusion that the student’s right to “modesty and virtue” is above the teachers right to liberty of instruction; Puigdollers argued in favor of “subordinar el derecho a la libertad de Cátedra al de libertad de conciencia del alumnado cuando ambos derechos entren en colisión”, the student right to “pudor y virtud”, and the parents to educade his daughter the way he liked, Agulló Díaz 2001, p. 470
  36. Puigdollers recommended maximum penalty allowed, dismissal; it was applied indeed until in 1930 Berenguer’s amnesty allowed the professor back to work. She was again dismissed – this time permanently – by the Francoist regime in the 1940s; it is not clear whether Puigdollers was involved in this second dismissal, Agulló Díaz 2001, p. 471
  37. Blasco Gil 2012, p. 197
  38. in the 1920s-30s Puigdollers was not a very prestigious or distinguished scholar; on a university chart of scholars in law he was listed with 15+ publications, while there were 3 cases of 50+, publications, 2 cases of 40+ publications, 1 case of 30+ publications and 2 cases of 20+ publications, Blasco Gil 2012, pp. 222-223
  39. Araque Hontangas 2014
  40. Díaz-Llanos, Ezequiel 1966, p. 351
  41. according to one source Puigdollers recorded also a brief teaching episode in Granada, apparently in the 1920s or 1930s, Blasco Gil 2012, p. 202
  42. in 1932 Puigdollers was behind the presidential table during the opening of academic course in Valencia, Las Provincias 02.10.32, available here
  43. Blasco Gil 2012, p. 200
  44. Blasco Gil 2012, p. 215
  45. Blasco Gil 2012, p. 193
  46. Robert Hutchison, Their Kingdom Come, London 2012, ISBN 9781448109883, p. 127, Pedro Rodríguez, El doctorado de san Josemaría en la Universidad de Madrid, [in:] Studia et Documenta: rivista dell'Istituto Storico San Josemaría Escrivá 2 (2008), p. 86
  47. 1940 Puigdollers applied for filosofía del derecho in Madrid but lost to Wenceslao González Oliveros, Blasco Gil 2012, p. 208
  48. Araque Hontangas 2014
  49. Araque Hontangas 2014
  50. Araque Hontangas 2014
  51. in 1959 Puigdollers delivered the opening lecture at start of the academic year in Madrid. ABC 09.05.59, available here; also in 1964 he started the course with a politics-related lecture on “derecho de presentación”, ABC 08.10.64, available here
  52. Blasco Gil 2012, p. 199
  53. Universidad. Escalafón de catedráticos numerarios 1964, Madrid 1964, p. 16
  54. Araque Hontangas 2014
  55. Díaz-Llanos, Ezequiel 1966, p. 348
  56. Díaz-Llanos, Ezequiel 1966, pp. 348-349
  57. Díaz-Llanos, Ezequiel 1966, p. 348; In his PhD wrote in conclusions: “muy miope fuera el que creyera que no tenia el Derecho un aspect ético, no en convenciones ni en leyes positivas, sino el la misma ley natural conocida por la razón. El Derecho Natural, que si como norma del vivir social siempre tiene un puesto en el corazón de los hombres”, quoted after Díaz-Llanos, Ezequiel 1966, p. 348
  58. Puigdollers described Vives as “uno de los símbolos más puros de la España grande del siglo XVI”, and his work “uno de los más puros veneros de la Hispanidad y de la Catolicidad”, Díaz-Llanos, Ezequiel 1966, pp. 350-351
  59. Díaz-Llanos, Ezequiel 1966, p. 352
  60. Calvo Gonzalez 1989, p. 392
  61. Benjamín Rivaya, Historia política de la filosofía del derecho español del siglo XX, [in:] Cuadernos de Filosofía del Derecho 32 (2009), p. 543
  62. Calvo Gonzalez 1989, p. 389
  63. Díaz-Llanos, Ezequiel 1966, p. 352
  64. “mas profundo conocedor español de la labor ciclópea de Santa Tomás” Karl Larenz, La filosofía contemporánea del Derecho y del Estado, Madrid 2008, ISBN 9788429015317, p. 32
  65. Antonio Salamanca Serrano, Iusmaterialismo. Teoría del derecho de los pueblos, [in:] Revista Crítica Jurídica 29 (2010), p. 84
  66. Angeles López Moreno, Enfoques actuales a cerca del contenido temático de la Filosofía del Derecho, [in:] Funciones y fines del derecho: estudios en homenaje al profesor Mariano Hurtado Bautista, Marid 1992, ISBN 9788476843260, p. 23
  67. according to one scholar, in the 1940s “the makeup of Spanish philosophy of law” was roughly about division between “Catholics” and “Falangists”; Puigdollers was among “main characters” the former, the group organized around ACNdP. It was homogeneous and Puigdollers marked one the intransigent end which rejected “materialism, apriorism, formalism, phenomenologicalism, existentialism, vitalism … and all the isms that are not a clear and accurate Christian view of the world and of mankind”, Enrico Pattaro, Corrado Roversi (eds.), A Treatise of Legal Philosophy and General Jurisprudence, Volume 12, s.l. 2016, ISBN 9789400714793, p. 482
  68. Pattaro, Roversi 2016, p. 483
  69. he reportedly formed the group along with Corts, Grau and Luño Peña, though this classification is disputed, Benjamin Rivaya, Filosofía del Derecho, derechos humanos y franquismo, [in:] Anuario de filosofía del derecho 13-14 (1997), p. 937
  70. “una corriente precisamente tradicional, Católica, habitualmente de tendencia tomista o neotomista, habitualmente conservadora y hasta reaccionaria en lo político”; Puigdollers was reportedly member of the group with Eduardo Calleja de la Cuesta, Wenceslao González Oliveros and Miguel Sancho Izquierdo, Benjamin Rivaya, El exilio iusfilosófico español (1936-1977/1981), [in:] Cuadernos de Filosofía del Derecho 40 (2017), p. 176
  71. the logic behing a link from St. Thomas to fascism is the claim that “en la obra inmensa de Santo Tomás se refleja este poderoso sentido de unidad espiritual y de interna coherencia que caracteriza una Edad Media”; reportedly Puigdollers saw fascism as “eurocentrismo medievalista católico” and declared that “the world moves towards a new period of Middle Ages”, Raúl Morodo, Los Orígenes Ideológicos Del Franquismo: Acción Española, Madrid 1985, ISBN 9788420624297, pp. 131-2
  72. Puigdollers intended to “rechazar el materialismo, el apriorismo, el formalismo, el fenomenologismo, el existencialismo, el vitalismo.. y todos los ismos que no sean una clara y exacta visión cristiana del Mundo y del Hombre”, Rivaya 2009, p. 563
  73. Puigdollers constructed a typology of human rights, and the first of them, with precedence over others, was “right to dignity”. He did not acknowledge “right to equality” as he approached equality as “condición de todo derecho innato”, but not the right itself, Ricardo García Manrique, La filosofía de los derechos humanos durante el Franquismo, Madrid 1996, ISBN 9788425910029, p. 128
  74. Puigdollers detached French revolution from the question of human rights as he claimed that it added nothing new to the already existing Christian doctrine on man and its rights; “good things that Revolution contributed were not new and new things were not good”, García Manrique 1996, p. 145
  75. López Moreno 1992, p. 23
  76. López Moreno, p. 500
  77. compare Josep Clara, Epistolari de Josep Cartañà, bisbe de Girona (1934-1963), Montserrat 2000, ISBN 9788484151838, p. 141, or José Andrés Gallego, Historia general de España y América, vol. 19, Madrid 1987, ISBN 9788432123597, p. 10. A present-day Traditionalist pundit, Miguel Ayuso, when asked "oltre ai pensatori carlisti, quale fu il panorama intelettuale politico e gius-filosofico nel fronte catolico a poi nella Spagna di Franco? quali sono stati ... i contributi migliori e, magari, de riscoprire, per esempio nell’ambito del neotomismo politico e gius-filosofico...?" mentions Gambra, Elías de Tejada or Vallet de Goytisolo, but does not refer to Puigdollers a single time, Samuele Cecotti, Miguel Ayuso, “Fu lotta maccabea, non fratricida”, La guerra civile spagnola nell’interpretazione carlista, [in:] Veritatis Diaconia 4 (2016), p. 86
  78. by some Lecciones is considered his key work, Díaz-Llanos, Ezequiel 1966, p. 352
  79. Araque Hontangas 2014
  80. see e.g. La filosofía de la ley, en Balmes (1963), or En torno al regalismo. Existe hoy en España? (1964)
  81. see e.g. Recordando a Giorgio del Vecchio, [in:] Anuario de Filosofía del Derecho 15 (1970), pp. 1-10, or Pío XII y la paz, [in:] Revista de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Madrid 2-4 (1958), pp. 297-311
  82. see e.g. prologue to Giorgio del Vechchio, Hechos y doctrinas: escritos filosóficos, jurídicos y literarios (1942), or prologue to Joaquín Arce y Florez-Valdes, La adopción de expósitos y abandonados (1968), or prologue to Tomas Roca, Historia de la obra de los tribunales tutelares de menores de España (1968)
  83. in 1886 Puigdollers Vinader adhered to Jovenes Tradicionalistas, a Tradicionalist youth organization founded by Ramón Nocedal, El Siglo Futuro 15.11.86, available here
  84. La Epoca 11.05.14, available here
  85. El Siglo Futuro 09.12.18, available here
  86. Araque Hontangas 2014
  87. El Debate 20.01.19, available here
  88. José Luis Orella Martínez, El origen del primer Catolicismo social Español [PhD thesis, Universidad de Educación a Distancia], Madrid 2012, pp. 160, 189
  89. Orella Martínez 2012, p. 198
  90. Calvo Gonzalez 1989, p. 394
  91. having assumed the Seville chair Puigdollers commenced “experiencia político-sindical que allí ha de protagonizar” which coincided with “compromise en la experiencia católico-política y syndical universitaria , Calvo Gonzalez 1989, p. 392
  92. Puigdollers embraced “colaboracionismo en el proceso institucionalizador de la Dictadura” and later “vuelta a las pautas de cultura política típicas del Viejo restauracionismo (inmovilsimo, pasividad, transfuguismo, apartidismo), Calvo Gonzalez 1989, p. 395
  93. “representaron un despertar de la conciencia del pueblo español y de su asombrosa capacidad de integración de la obra comunitaria de la nación, habiéndose conseguido objetivos que hasta entonces parecían inasequibles”, Díaz-Llanos, Ezequiel 1966, p. 351
  94. Agulló Díaz 2001, p. 471
  95. Blasco Gil 2012, p. 213
  96. ABC 01.06.28, available here
  97. El Pueblo 04.07.28, available here
  98. Araque Hontangas 2014
  99. one his Puigdollers’ booklets was Organización y funcionamento del Boerdenbond (1930), a 28-page work on Belgian farmers’ league; the booklet demonstrated Puigdollers’ interest in social Catholicism
  100. see e.g. his 1927 lecture Cómo Dios hizo propietarios a todos los hombres and La Propiedad privada como forma histórica primitiva, Oro de Ley 28.02.28, available here
  101. La Correspondencia de Valencia 04.05.29, available here
  102. ABC 06.02.29, available here
  103. Julio López Íñiguez, La Unión Patriótica y el Somatén Valencianos (1923-1930), Valencia 2017, ISBN 9788491341284, p. 76
  104. Puigdollers viewed the republic as “colapso en esa marcha ascendente de España”, Díaz-Llanos, Ezequiel 1966, p. 351
  105. Rivaya 2009, p. 552
  106. José Luis Orella, Precursores intelectuales de una derecha católica española, [in:] Altar Mayor 141 (2011), p. 738
  107. he was president of the Valencian ACNdP branch, La Correspondencia de Valencia 25.02.31, available here
  108. ABC 22.06.32, available here
  109. Las Provincias 16.02.33, available here
  110. Marzal Rodríguez 2011, p. 57
  111. Díaz-Llanos, Ezequiel 1966, p. 352
  112. ABC 19.06.36, available here
  113. El Catnabrico 22.08.34, available here
  114. Marzal Rodríguez 2011, p. 58
  115. in 1935 Puigdollers protested against nomination of Gerardo Abad Conde to the law chair in Canarias; in an open letter he claimed that Abad compromised himself by presiding over seizure of Jesuit property, Acción Española 79 (1935), available here
  116. in early 1936 a unofficial Carlist mouthpiece, El Siglo Futuro, hailed Puigdollers as “luchador valiente e infatigable por nuestros ideales”, El Siglo Futuro 12.03.36, available here
  117. ABC 10.02.36, available here
  118. El Pueblo [Valencia] 23.02.36
  119. El Siglo Futuro 12.03.36, available here
  120. El Siglo Futuro 13.04.36, available here
  121. Araque Hontangas 2014
  122. Andreu Gines i Sanchez, La instauració del franquisme al País Valencià, Valencia 2010, ISBN 9788437078113, p. 60
  123. Araque Hontangas 2014
  124. La Unión 18.09.36, available here
  125. according to some sources at unspecified time during the Civil War Puigdollers entered Instituto Nacional de Segunda Enseñanza de Peñaflorida in San Sebastián, Araque Hontangas 2014
  126. Robert Vallverdú i Martí, La metamorfosi del carlisme català: del "Déu, Pàtria i Rei" a l'Assamblea de Catalunya (1936-1975), Barcelona 2014, ISBN 9788498837261, p. 46
  127. Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, Cambridge 2008, ISBN 9780521086349, p. 282
  128. officially he was Delegado de Primera Enseñanza, El Adelanto 01.05.37, available here. He might have temporarily acted even as president of the entire CCE, Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Oviedo 07.07.37, available here. Most sources agree that until early 1938 the body was presided by Pemán, see e.g. Fernando Navarro Cardoso, José María Pemán y la depuración universitaria, [in:] Todos Los Nombres service 04.09.15, p. 10, available here
  129. see comments about “triste tarea de depurar de elementos desafectos al personal docente universitario”, Rivaya 2009, p. 560, or an organization devoted to the “infelicitious task of purging the universities of unaligned professors”, Pattaro, Roversi 2016, p. 479
  130. according to one source, Puigdollers maintained a hard, repressive line against a tendency to leniency, demonstrated by Peman; in August 1937 he warned the president of CSE "por haberles hablado de la posibilidad de una revisión de sanciones", Gonzalo Álvarez Chillida, José María Pemán: pensamiento y trayectoria de un monárquico (1897-1941), Cádiz 1996, ISBN 9788477863052, p. 100
  131. Josep Miralles Climent, La rebeldía carlista. Memoria de una represión silenciada: Enfrentamientos, marginación y persecución durante la primera mitad del régimen franquista (1936-1955), Madrid 2018, ISBN 9788416558711, pp. 175, 373
  132. El Adelanto 28.10.37, available here
  133. Araque Hontangas 2014; one source claims that in May 1938 Puigdollers was also jefe of “Servizio de Culto y Clero”, which appears to be a department with Falange Española Tradicionalista, Pensamiento Alaves 04.05.38, available here
  134. Cristóbal Robles Muñoz, La Santa Sede y la II República (1934-1939), Madrid 2016, ISBN 9788416549504, p. 528
  135. for his contribution to reconstruction of religious buildings in 1984 Puigdollers was named 1984 Caballero de la Orden Ecuestre del Santo Sepulcro of Jerusalem, Araque Hontangas 2014
  136. Jose-Andres Gallego, Anton M. Pazos (eds.), Archivo Gomá. Documentos de la Guerra Civil: Enero-marzo de 1939, vol. 13. Madrid 2010, ISBN 9788400092801, p. 82 and passim
  137. Clara 1988, pp. 497-529
  138. e.g. in Asociación de Hombres de Acción Católica, ABC 22.06.41, available here
  139. Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Cáceres 24.03.43, available here
  140. Clara 2000, p. 143
  141. e.g. in 1944 he was nominated hermano mayor de la Archicofradía del Apóstol Santiago, ABC 15.08.44, available here
  142. he ceased in 1942, Araque Hontangas 2014
  143. Sáez Alba 1974
  144. Labor 02.04.40, available here; in 1945 he served within Junta Organizadora of XIX Congreso Mundial de Pax Romana, Araque Hontangas 2014
  145. Hayes asked to speak to the Carlist leader Manuel Fal Conde, but the latter was anxious that speaking to an American official might compromise his neutralist standing, Fal wanted to avoid impression that speaks to foreigners and delegated Puigdollers; Miralles Climent 2018, p. 200
  146. Luis Suárez Férnandez, Franco y el III Reich: Las relaciones de España con la Alemania de Hitler, Madrid 2015, ISBN 9788490605233, p. 312
  147. Puigdollers is listed among “makers of the new juridical studding destined to regulate the relations with the Church”, one of ACNDP men who entered Francoist ruling strata “to be consolidated once as one of the most relevant political families of the Franco’s regime […] the members turn out to be specially relevant in the departments of Justice and Education”, Cristina Barreiro, La ACNdeP y su papel político en el primer Franquismo, [in:] Hispania Sacra LXX (2018), p. 683. He is also consistently listed as member of the ACNDP contingent on important state executive positions, Cristina Barreiro Gordillo, Los propagandistas y su papel político durante el franquismo (1939-1953), [in:] Jacek Bartyzel, Roman Bäcker, Joanna Rak, Hiszpania Franco, Radzymin 2020, ISBN 9788366480070, pp. 100-103
  148. Puigdollers is mentioned neither in Cristina Martínez Carou, Cristina Méndez Salgado, Angel Miranda Ramos, Julia Moreno Casas, Lorena País Negreira, Las relaciones iglesia-estado durante el Franquismo, [in:] Xorandlit service, available here, nor in Alberto de la Hera, Las relaciones entre la Iglesia y el estado en España (1953-1974), [in:] Revista de Estudios Políticos CCXI (1977), pp. 618-646
  149. ABC 08.03.51, available here
  150. Díaz-Llanos, Ezequiel 1966, pp. 351-352
  151. ABC 29.06.54, available here
  152. e.g. in 1964 Puigdollers was present at the opening of Semana Nacional de Arte Sacro in León, ABC 03.07.64, available here
  153. e.g. in 1963 he took part in commemoration pf Jaime Balmes, Hoja Oficial de Provincia de Barcelona 08.07.63, available here
  154. ABC 03.08.56, available here
  155. ABC 16.10.56, available here
  156. ABC 06.06.63, available here
  157. Paul Preston, Franco, London 1995, ISBN 9780006862109, p. 710
  158. Preston 1995, p. 718
  159. ABC 08.10.64, available here
  160. Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, El final de una ilusión. Auge y declive del tradicionalismo carlista (1957-1967), Madrid 2016, ISBN 9788416558407, p. 122
  161. Diario de Burgos 25.07.65, available here
  162. Araque Hontangas 2014
  163. Araque Hontangas 2014
  164. Puigdollers passed the official purges process in 1939; in September he was admitted to Instituto Nacional de Segunda Enseñanza in Burgos and in October 1939 he was officially re-admitted to academic work, Araque Hontangas 2014
  165. Pattaro, Roversi 2016, p. 479
  166. Ricardo Gurriarán, Ciencia e conciencia na universidade de Santiago, 1900-1940: do influxo institucionista e a JAE á depuración do profesorado, Santiago de Compostela 2006, ISBN 9788497506441, s. 651, Ricardo Robledo, Esta salvaje pesadilla. Salamanca en la Guerra civil española, Salamanca 2007, ISBN 9788484329015, p. 223
  167. Rivaya 2009, p. 570
  168. Hutchison 2012, p. 127
  169. Rivaya 2009, p. 563, p. 483
  170. Sebastian Martín, Funciones del jurista y transformaciones del pensamiento jurídico-político español (1870-1945) II, [in:] Historia constitucional: Revista Electrónica de Historia Constitucional 12 (2011), p. 184
  171. Pattaro, Roversi 2016, p. 491
  172. in 1955 Puigdollers entered the ACNdP elite as he became socio numerario of the organization, Araque Hontangas 2014
  173. Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 122
  174. Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 123
  175. Araque Hontangas 2014
  176. ABC 27.05.41, available here
  177. ABC 05.11.54, available herel
  178. Barreiro 2018, p. 684
  179. Barreiro 2018, p. 685
  180. Araque Hontangas 2014
  181. Peter Anderson, Miguel Ángel del Arco Blanco, Mass Killings and Violence in Spain, 1936-1952: Grappling with the Past, London 2014, ISBN 9781135114923, p. 511
  182. Gutmaro Gómez Bravo, Conversión: la Iglesia y la política penitenciaria de postguerra, [in:] Historia Social 78 (2014), p. 109
  183. ABC 07.09.48, available here
  184. ABC 14.09.50, available here
  185. he declared that “no son las condiciones económicas el principal motivo de esta creciente delincuencia infantil”, Revista de Educación 133 (1961), p. 353
  186. Revista de Educación 133 (1961), pp. 352-353
  187. ABC 19.02.61, available here
  188. Araque Hontangas 2014
  189. ABC 09.10.65, available here
  190. ABC 30.07.68, available here
  191. Antonio Marín Cara, Almería y los Jesuitas: Cien años en compañía 1911-2011, Almeria 2015, ISBN 9788416027743, p. 454
  192. Josep Clara, Epistolari del bisbe de Girona amb el govern de Franco (1941-1945), [in:] Annals de l’Institut d’Estudis Gironins 30 (1988), p. 497
  193. ABC 22.09.65, available here
  194. see Puigdollers record at the official Cortes service, available here
  195. Diario de Burgos 05.03.44, available here
  196. ABC 13.04.57, available here
  197. ABC 16.07.58, available here
  198. Ruiz Resa, Josefa Dolores, Política, economía y método en la investigación y aprendizaje del derecho, Granada 2014, ISBN 9788490851128, p. 39
  199. ABC 13.02.44, available here
  200. ABC 25.04.63, available here
  201. ABC 27.01.66, available here
  202. ABC 17.02.46, available here
  203. ABC 05.08.72, available here
  204. Puigdollers is not mentioned in in-depth studies on Carlism during the Francoist era, compare Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, El naufragio de las ortodoxias. El carlismo, 1962–1977, Pamplona 1997; ISBN 9788431315641; Manuel Martorell Pérez, La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil [PhD thesis in Historia Contemporanea, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia], Valencia 2009; Ramón María Rodón Guinjoan, Invierno, primavera y otoño del carlismo (1939-1976) [PhD thesis Universitat Abat Oliba CEU], Barcelona 2015; Daniel Jesús García Riol, La resistencia tradicionalista a la renovación ideológica del carlismo (1965-1973) [PhD thesis UNED], Madrid 2015
  205. Jacek Bartyzel, Nic bez Boga, nic wbrew tradycji, Radzymin 2015, ISBN 9788360748732, p. 263
  206. compare e.g. Antonio Arrue, Francisco Elías de Tejada, Melchor Ferrer, Memoria de Zumalacárregui: en Cegama el 26 de junio de 1960, Sevilla 1960
  207. El carlismo es el tradicionalismo histórico español, [in:] Hispanidad service, available here

Further reading
  • Carmen Agulló Díaz, Expediente instruido por la Universidad de Valencia en 1929 a la profesora Da. Carmen García de Castro, debido a la acusación de “difundir entre sus alumnas doctrinas perniciosas”, [in:] Historia de la educación 20 (2001), pp. 467–482
  • Cristina Barreiro, La ACNdeP y su papel político en el primer Franquismo, [in:] Hispania Sacra LXX (2018), pp. 681–689
  • Yolanda Blasco Gil, Entre la trayectoria universitaria y social: los catedráticos de derecho de Valencia, 1900-1939, [in:] Armando Pavón Romero (ed.), Promoción universitaria en el mundo hispánico, siglos XVI al XX, Mexico 2012, pp. 191–231
  • Josep Clara, Epistolari de Josep Cartañà, bisbe de Girona (1934-1963), Montserrat 2000, ISBN 9788484151838
  • González Díaz-Llanos, Antonio Ezequiel, Don Mariano Puigdollers y Oliver, [in:] Anuario de filosofia del derecho 1966, pp. 347–353
  • Sebastian Martín, Funciones del jurista y transformaciones del pensamiento jurídico-político español (1870-1945) II, [in:] Historia constitucional: Revista Electrónica de Historia Constitucional 12 (2011), pp. 161–201
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