Marc Hauser

Marc D. Hauser (born October 25, 1959) is an American evolutionary biologist and a researcher in primate behavior, animal cognition and human behavior found guilty of fabricated and falsified data. Hauser was a Harvard University professor from 1998 to 2011, when he resigned after being found guilty for research misconduct."[1]

This article is about the evolutionary biologist. For the skydiver, see Marc Hauser (skydiver).

Marc Hauser sitting between Jon Meacham (far left) and Daniel Dennett (center), World Science Festival

In 2010, Harvard found him guilty of scientific misconduct, and a year later he resigned.[2][3] Because his research was financed by government grants, the Office of Research Integrity of the Health and Human Services Department also investigated, finding in 2012 that Hauser had fabricated data, manipulated experimental results, and published falsified findings.[4]

Research and publications

Hauser's research lies at the intersection of evolutionary biology and cognitive neuroscience. It was aimed at understanding the processes and consequences of cognitive evolution. His observations and experiments focused on nonhuman animals and humans of different ages and mental competence, incorporating methodology and theory from ethology, infant cognitive development, evolutionary theory, cognitive neuroscience and neurobiology. Research interests included: studies of language evolution,[5] the nature of moral judgments, the development and evolution of mathematical representations, comparative studies of economic-like choice, the precursors to musical competence, and the nature of event perception.

His most widely known work involved long-term studies of monkeys and other primates. His lab at Harvard was called the "monkey lab". Another of his research projects was the internet-based 'The Moral Sense Test' in which the participant is presented with a series of hypothetical moral dilemmas and is asked to offer a judgment regarding each one.[6]

Books and essays
Publications
  • "The Faculty of Language: What Is It, Who Has It, and How Did It Evolve?" Hauser, Chomsky, Fitch (2002) [7]
Books
  • The Evolution of Communication (1996) [8]
  • Wild Minds: What Animals Really Think (2000) [9]
  • Moral Minds: How Nature Designed Our Universal Sense of Right and Wrong (2006)[10]
  • Evilicious: Cruelty = Desire + Denial (2013) [11][12]
Compilations
  • The Design of Animal Communication (2003, Editor)
  • People, Property, or Pets? New Directions in the Human-Animal Bond (2006, Editor)

Scientific misconduct

In 2007, Harvard University announced an internal investigation of alleged scientific misconduct by Hauser. In August 2010, the investigators found him solely responsible for eight counts of misconduct, and he took a year's leave of absence.[2] In July 2011, Hauser resigned his faculty position at Harvard, effective August 1, 2011.[3]

In his resignation, Hauser stated that he had "some exciting opportunities in the private sector" involving education for high-risk teenagers, but that he might go back to academia "in the years to come."[13] As of May 2013, Hauser's LinkedIn profile[14] listed him as a co-founder of the website Gamience, claiming "Scientifically-based games that address global health problems of self-control."

In September 2012, after conducting a separate investigation, the Office of Research Integrity (ORI) found Hauser guilty of scientific misconduct.[4] They concluded that Hauser had fabricated data in one study, manipulated results in multiple experiments, and incorrectly described how studies were conducted. The ORI barred Hauser from certain types of research and required that other research be conducted under supervision.[15] They published a notice stating:

Notice is hereby given that the Office of Research Integrity (ORI) has taken final action in the following case:
Marc Hauser, Ph.D., Harvard University: ORI found that Dr. Marc Hauser … engaged in research misconduct in research supported by

  • National Center for Research Resources (NCRR)
  • National Institutes of Health (NIH), grants P51 RR00168-37 and CM-5-P40 RR003640-13,
  • National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), NIH, grant 5 R01 DC005863
  • National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, grant 5 F31 MH075298.[16]

Details, retractions, and replication

The details of this investigation were not publicly released, and the lack of transparency evoked substantial speculation. Writing in the New York Times in August 2010, Nicholas Wade summarized:

There is a wide spectrum of scientific sins, ranging from wrist-slap offenses like bad data storage at one end, to data fabrication at the other. It is still not clear where on this spectrum Dr. Hauser's errors may fall. He has admitted only to unspecified "mistakes," not to misconduct.[17]

On August 20, 2010, Michael Smith, Dean of Harvard's Faculty of Arts and Sciences, released a statement confirming that an internal investigation had found Hauser guilty of eight counts of scientific misconduct.[18] Three counts involved published papers, and five involved unpublished studies. The statement said that Harvard was cooperating with further investigations by the US Office of Research Integrity, the National Science Foundation Office of Inspector General, and the U.S. Attorney for the District of Massachusetts. They stated that they would conduct their own review and make their conclusions available to the public.[19]

A 2002 paper published in the journal Cognition was retracted.[20][21] In this paper, Hauser and his collaborators concluded that cotton-top tamarin monkeys could learn simple rule-like patterns.

In two additional published papers, some field notes or video recordings were "incomplete", although Hauser and his co-author replicated the experiments.[22][23] The Proceedings of the Royal Society published the replication of the missing data in an addendum to one of the papers.[23] In April 2011 Hauser and Justin Wood (coauthor of the original paper) replicated the results of the 2007 Science study and published them—as an addendum—in the journal.[24][25]

Charles Gross published an article in The Nation that detailed the Hauser case (Disgrace: On Marc Hauser. A case of scientific misconduct at Harvard).[26]

Other controversy and allegations

In August 2010, after the initial allegations came out, various publications published other accusations and speculations about Hauser's research, often citing reports by his former students and research assistants.

Michael Tomasello, another well-known animal cognition researcher, claimed that some of Hauser's previous students personally told him that there "was a pattern and they had specific evidence".[27] Tomasello also stated, prior to the official announcement, that he had information from "a Harvard faculty member and from former students of Dr. Hauser" that the investigation found evidence for eight counts of scientific misconduct;[27] this statement was later confirmed by Harvard's dean (see previous section).[28]

The Chronicle of Higher Education reported the contents of allegations made by a former research assistant of Hauser. The former research assistant stated that Hauser falsely coded videotapes of monkey behavior, resisted research assistants and students' requests to have them re-coded by another observer and pressured his students to accept his data analysis. When they re-coded the data without Hauser's permission, they allegedly found Hauser's coding bore little relation to what was on the tapes. According to the document, several other lab members had similar run-ins with Hauser.[29]

An article in New Scientist claimed that Harvard opened its investigation of Hauser's lab after students who had worked there made allegations of data falsification.[30]

Gerry Altmann, the editor of Cognition, subsequently posted his personal conclusion that Hauser fabricated data as part of a deception, after being given a summary of the relevant portions of Harvard's inquiry.[31][32][33][34] Altmann noted that the conclusion of fabrication was his own conjecture, and not that of the Harvard investigation, which offered no explanation for discrepancies between the video record and the published paper.[31]

While Harvard confirmed that misconduct was committed by Hauser, scientists continued to criticize Harvard over a lack of transparency in the investigation. However, Harvard stated that "in cases where the government concludes scientific misconduct occurred, the federal agency makes those findings publicly available."[35]

Although Hauser took a year-long leave of absence from Harvard in 2010, he was at first still planning to teach at the Harvard Extension School, which generated further controversy. On September 1, 2010, his classes at the Extension School were canceled.[36] In April 2011, he was barred from teaching in the Psychology department or any other Arts and Sciences department.[37]

Unreplicable cotton-top tamarin study

In 1995, Hauser reported that cotton-top tamarins can recognize themselves in a mirror.[38] Gordon G. Gallup questioned Hauser's findings, and reviewed some video recordings of Hauser's experiment, saying that "when I played the videotapes [for Hauser's experiments], there was not a thread of compelling evidence — scientific or otherwise — that any of the tamarins had learned to correctly decipher mirrored information about themselves.[20] Upon requesting the remaining videotapes, Gallup was informed that the other tapes had been stolen.[39] Together with Anderson, Gallup published a critical response to Hauser's article.[40] Their criticism of Hauser's paper stated that the coding criteria were described in insufficient detail to code the monkeys' behavior and that, according to their assessment, the cotton-top tamarins did not show the behavior that they considered as evidence for mirror recognition in chimpanzees or other great apes.[40]

Hauser and a co-author published a reply to these criticisms, clarifying their coding criteria.[41] However, in 2001 Hauser reported that his subsequent attempts to replicate the experiments were unsuccessful, observing no evidence for the previously claimed result.[42]

gollark: Really, all computing should just be based on really small (possibly semi-silvered) mirrors.
gollark: It's called "Turing Tumble" or something by the way.
gollark: One of my friends has a (real-world) game for building simple computronic systems with marble runs.
gollark: That's an interpreter.
gollark: ++search !eso Hello++

See also

References
  1. Wade, Nicholas (August 20, 2010). "Harvard Finds Marc Hauser Guilty of Scientific Misconduct". The New York Times.
  2. "Marc Hauser's Fall From Grace". The Harvard Crimson. September 14, 2010. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
  3. Kumar, Gautam; Julia Ryan (July 19, 2011). "Embattled Professor Marc Hauser Will Resign from Harvard". Harvard Crimson. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
  4. Johnson, C., 2012. Former Harvard professor Marc Hauser fabricated, manipulated data, US says Boston Globe [online] September 5 [Accessed September 12, 2012]
  5. Marc D. Hauser, Noam Chomsky and W. Tecumseh Fitch (2002). "The faculty of language: What is it, who has it, and how did it evolve?". Science. 298 (5598): 1569–79. doi:10.1126/science.298.5598.1569. PMID 12446899.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  6. "The Moral Sense Test". harvard.edu. Archived from the original on October 22, 2014. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
  7. Hauser, Marc; Chomsky, Noam; Fitch, William Tecumseh (November 22, 2002), "The Faculty of Language: What Is It, Who Has It, and How Did It Evolve?" (PDF), Science, 298 (5598): 1569–1579, doi:10.1126/science.298.5598.1569, PMID 12446899, archived from the original (PDF) on December 28, 2013
  8. Hauser, Marc (2000). The Evolution of Communication. ISBN 0262082500.
  9. Hauser, Marc (2000). Wild Minds. ISBN 0060780703.
  10. Hauser, Marc (2006). Moral Minds. ISBN 0805056696.
  11. Evilicious contents Archived December 5, 2013, at Archive.today on Hauser's website
  12. Discussion by Retraction Watch, a blog that tracked the earlier research controversy, and puts the book's mixed reviews in context.
  13. Bartlett, Tom (July 19, 2011). "Marc Hauser Resigns From Harvard". Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
  14. "Marc Hauser".
  15. NIH, 2012. Findings of Research Misconduct Press release, September 10, 2012 [Accessed September 12, 2012]
  16. "Findings of Research Misconduct". federalregister.gov. September 6, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
  17. Wade, Nicholas (August 20, 2010). "Harvard Finds Scientist Guilty of Misconduct". New York Times.
  18. "FAS Dean Smith Confirms Scientific Misconduct by Marc Hauser". Harvard Magazine. August 20, 2010. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
  19. "Harvard Confirms 'Hausergate'". Chronicle of Higher Education. August 12, 2010. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
  20. Johnson, Carolyn (August 10, 2010). "Author on leave after Harvard inquiry". Boston Globe.
  21. "Monkey business? 2002 Cognition paper retracted as prominent psychologist Marc Hauser takes leave from Harvard". RetractionWatch. August 10, 2010. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
  22. Wade, Nicholas (August 12, 2010). "Inquiry on Harvard Lab Threatens Ripple Effect". New York Times.
  23. Hauser MD, Wood JN (2011). "Replication of 'Rhesus monkeys correctly read the goal-relevant gestures of a human agent'". Proc. Biol. Sci. 278 (1702): 158–9. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1441. PMC 2992735. PMID 21155189.
  24. Miller, Greg (April 25, 2011). "Science Publishes Replication of 2007 Hauser Study". Science. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
  25. Wood, J. N.; Glynn, D. D.; Phillips, B. C.; Hauser, M. D. (2007). "The Perception of Rational, Goal-Directed Action in Nonhuman Primates". Science. 317 (5843): 1402–1405. Bibcode:2007Sci...317.1402W. doi:10.1126/science.1144663. PMID 17823353.
  26. Gross, Charles (December 21, 2011). "Disgrace: On Marc Hauser". The Nation.
  27. Wade, Nicholas (August 13, 2010). "In Inquiry at Marc Hauser's Harvard Lab, a Raid and Then a 3-Year Wait". New York Times. p. 2.
  28. "Updated: Harvard says Marc Hauser guilty of science misconduct". USA Today. August 20, 2010. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
  29. Bartlett, Tom (August 19, 2010). "Document Sheds Light on Investigation at Harvard". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
  30. Aldhous, Peter (August 20, 2010). "Misconduct probe in Harvard animal morality lab". New Scientist.
  31. Altmann, Gerry. "Harvard misconduct: setting the record straight". Archived from the original on September 2, 2010. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
  32. Miller, Greg (August 27, 2010). "Journal Editor Says He Believes Retracted Hauser Paper Contains Fabricated Data". Science Insider. Archived from the original on August 29, 2010. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
  33. Johnson, Carolyn (August 27, 2010). "Journal editor questions Harvard researcher's data". Boston Globe. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
  34. Wade, Nicholas (August 27, 2010). "Harvard Researcher May Have Fabricated Data". New York Times. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
  35. Wade, Nicholas (August 12, 2010). "Inquiry on Harvard Lab Threatens Ripple Effect". The New York Times.
  36. Johnson, Carolyn Y. (September 1, 2010). "Citing misconduct inquiry, Harvard professor cancels classes". The Boston Globe.
  37. "Embattled Harvard professor barred from teaching". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011.
  38. Hauser, M; J. Kralik; C. Borro-Mahan; M. Garret; J. Oser (November 1995). "Self-recognition in primates: Phylogeny and the salience of species-typical features". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 92 (23): 10811–10814. Bibcode:1995PNAS...9210811H. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.23.10811. PMC 40702. PMID 7479889.
  39. "Scientific misconduct: Monkey business?". Economist. August 26, 2010. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
  40. Anderson, JR; Gallup (1997). "Self-recognition in Saguinus? A critical essay". Anim Behav. 54 (6): 1563–7. doi:10.1006/anbe.1997.0548. PMID 9521801.
  41. Hauser, MD; J. Kralik (December 1997). "Life beyond the mirror: a reply to Anderson & Gallup". Animal Behaviour. 54 (6): 1568–1571. doi:10.1006/anbe.1997.0549. PMID 9521802.
  42. Hauser, Marc; Cory Thomas Miller; Katie Liu; Renu Gupta (March 2001). "Cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) fail to show mirror-guided self-exploration". American Journal of Primatology. 53 (3): 131–137. doi:10.1002/1098-2345(200103)53:3<131::AID-AJP4>3.0.CO;2-X. PMID 11253848.
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