Manuel Polo y Peyrolón

Manuel Polo y Peyrolón (1846 – 1918) was a Spanish writer, theorist, academic, and politician. He is best known as the author of 5 novels falling in-between Romanticism and Realism; classified as part of costumbrismo, they are currently considered second-rate literature. As a philosopher he stuck to neo-Thomism and focused mostly on confronting Krausism. In education he represented the Catholic regenarationism, fiercely pitted against the Liberal current. In politics he was active within Carlism; his career climaxed during the 1896-1898 term in the Congress of Deputies and during the 1907-1915 terms in the Senate.

Manuel Polo y Peyrolón
Born
Manuel Polo y Peyrolón

1846
Cañete, Spain
Died1918 (aged 71–72)
Valencia, Spain
NationalitySpanish
Occupationscholar
Known fornovelist
Political partyPartido Carlista

Family and youth
Alto Maestrazgo

Manuel Polo y Peyrolón was born in Cañete, a village on the Western slopes of Montes Universales, a southern ridge of Sistema Ibérico. Located in the Castillan Province of Cuenca, the area bordered the regions of Aragón and Valencia and formed part of what was once known as Alto Maestrazgo. He was descendant to a petty bourgeoisie family. His father, Domingo Polo y Polo (died 1859),[1] originated from the Aragonese city of Belchite; during the First Carlist War he sided with the legitimists and served as a secretary of general José María Arévalo y Requeno.[2] Following the Carlist defeat he had to abandon his job and settled in Cañete, practicing as a lawyer.[3] According to his son he was later among founders of the Carlist daily La Esperanza.[4] Manuel's mother, María Peyrolón Lapuerta, was also an Aragonese from Calomarde.[5] The couple had at least two sons, Manuel and Florentino. María Peyrolón died during another childbirth in 1853.[6] It seems that some time in mid-1850s Domingo Polo developed very serious health problems and pledged that in case of recovery, he would dedicate his life to God; indeed he later entered an uspecified religious order and became a friar.[7]

Gea de Albarracín, current view

Since the mid-1850s Manuel and his younger brother were looked after by their maternal aunt Concepción.[8] Spending most of his childhood and youth with relatives in Gea de Albarracín,[9] he considered himself a turolense[10] and viewed Sierra de Albarracín as his "patria chica".[11] He was brought up in a fervently Catholic ambience[12] and inherited the Traditionalist political outlook from his father; his first childhood lectures were Carlist booklets and periodicals.[13] Following early education in Albarracin, he frequented Instituto in Valencia;[14] exact dates are unclear, though most likely his college days fell on the early 1860s. According to one source he majored in filosofia y letras from Universidad Central in Madrid and in derecho civil y canonico from Universidad de Valencia.[15] Guided by Miguel Vicente Almazán,[16] Manuel would later gain PhD laurels in philosophy.[17] According to another author, he studied both law and letters in Valencia;[18] none of the sources consulted provides date of his graduation. Following a brief and temporary episode as professor auxiliar of metafisica in Valencia in 1868-69,[19] he returned to Aragón and successfully applied to Instituto de Segunda Enseñanza de Teruel, where he commenced teaching Psicología, Lógica y Ética in 1870.[20] Manuel Polo y Peyrolón has never married and had no children.[21]

Novelist
Los Mayos, 1885

Polo's first literary work, Realidad poética de mis montañas, appeared in 1873.[22] Except that it was a collection of short stories[23] instead of a novel, it revealed characteristics marking his later works: traditional themes, simple plot and clear educational purpose, with narration set in provincial milieu of Sierra de Albarracín, painted with attention to detail and with focus on local customs typical rather for an ethnographical study.[24] All these features were developed in Polo's first novel, Los Mayos (1878),[25] a rural love story intended as a praise of loyalty and fidelity[26] and considered his best work,[27] translated into Italian and German.[28] The consecutive ones, Sacramento y concubinato (1884)[29] and Quién mal anda, ¿cómo acaba? (1890) assumed a more militant tone, aimed against liberal and secular lifestyles.[30] Pacorro (1905)[31] confronted deeds of a young liberal with virtues of a young Carlist, cast against the background of a small town undergoing the turbulent period of 1868-1876.[32] The last of Polo's major literary works, El guerrillero (1906),[33] revealed more threads of an adventure story; set during Third Carlist War, it was heavily based on wartime recollections of his brother Florentino.[34] Polo's shorter stories remain scaled down versions of his novels.[35]

Among his contemporaries Polo was appreciated usually by those sharing similar traditional outlook, like Emilia Pardo Bazán[36] and his friends Marcelinó Menéndez y Pelayo[37] and José María de Pereda.[38] A conservative literary review Ilustración Católica[39] identified him as a brilliant follower of Fernán Caballero,[40] classified his writings as "novela de familia" and hailed his prose as "restauradora de la novela castellana en los tiempos modernos".[41] Noted for authenticity "which does not disfigure reality", his realism was appreciated as an antidote to naturalism – the trend he consciously opposed[42] - and "the venom of Zola".[43] By favourably disposed contemporaries he was put next to Fernán Caballero, de Pereda, Francisco Navarro Villoslada, Julio Alarcón y Meléndez, Juan Valera and padre Coloma;[44] critics dubbed him "mamarracho literario".[45]

La Ilustración Católica

Limited popularity of Polo's works hardly outlived their author. Even in the early 20th century he was only marginally mentioned by historians of Spanish literature;[46] later on he went into oblivion,[47] though was occasionally acknowledged in anthologies.[48] Today he is missing even in fairly detailed studies written either by Spanish[49] of foreign scholars,[50] though mentioned by some dictionaries.[51] He is usually situated in-between Romanticism and Realism,[52] falling into the costumbrismo (or "realismo costumbrista") trend,[53] also a good representative of "novelas de tesis".[54] It is noted that his conventional, meager plots can hardly support the weight of nagging moralising objectives, especially given repetitive nature of his works.[55] On the other hand, his novels are appreciated as inexhaustible sources of pefectly captured anecdotes and customs, few readers admitting even some charm.[56] Apart from realism,[57] he is credited for introducing new narrative techniques.[58] He is also among the best-known authors contributing to Carlism in literature from the legitimist perspective.

Scholar and philosopher
Polo's textbook, 1882

Polo taught Psicología, Lógica y Ética in the Teruel college for 9 years. Harassed for his pro-Carlist sympathies,[59] he decided to leave Aragon. Following a successful application and selection process,[60] he assumed the same chair in Instituto de Segunda Enseñanza in Valencia in 1879,[61] where he kept teaching until the early 20th century. Member of Asociación de Catedráticos Numerarios,[62] he was active in a number of Spanish and foreign scholarly institutions.[63] His career was crowned in 1908, when he joined Real Academia de la Historia.[64]

During his Valencia tenure Polo wrote textbooks for students of philosophy: Elementos de psicología (1879), Elementos de lógica (1880), Elementos de Ética (1880); Elementos de Ética o Filosofía Moral (1882), Elementos de Filosofía Moral (1889), Lógica elemental ( 1902) and Ética elemental (1902),[65] in use also in other scholarly centres across the country.[66] He did not develop any original philosophical contribution himself; apart from works on history and general overviews, Polo is known for confronting some trends forming the liberal educational mindset, especially krausism and Darwinism. His stance is classified as neotomismo or neocatolicismo in philosophy[67] and as regeneracionismo político-educativo in pedagogy.[68]

Polo's repudiation of krausism developed in course of the teaching career and stemmed from his growing interest in pedagogy and education in general.[69] During last decades of the 19th century krausism became a philosophical powerhouse of liberal Spanish politics, represented mostly by Francisco Giner del Rios and Instituto Libre de Enseñanza.[70] Its principal intellectual antagonist was Menendez y Pelayo.[71] His friend Polo remained rather a proponent and did not construct an own anti-krausian theory, though his vehemence gained him the opinion of "grande enemigo de la barbarie krausista",[72] especially as Spanish krausism, initially avoiding direct confrontation with the Church, later assumed a decisively challenging tone.[73] Fiercely advocating Catholic integrity as a basis of public education,[74] he nevertheless recognized the necessity of incorporating elements from the liberal mainstream; some scholars even maintain that Polo was completely integrated in the liberal system of education.[75]

Anti-krausist cartoon, 1881

Another characteristic feature of Polo's outlook was his position towards evolutionism,[76] though opinions on his stance differ. Some view it as an exemplary obscurantist Catholic reaction to scientific progress,[77] dismissed as "involucionismo, integrismo, tradicionalismo e ideario reaccionario".[78] Some suggest that his neotomism was not an abrupt rejection of advances produced by science,[79] as Polo tried to work out a conciliatory approach.[80] Though his stance on darwinism is portrayed as "aggressive and intolerant attack",[81] others consider it in line with scientific standards of the era, systematic and posing questions - like those related to hereditary transmission or variability patterns – which remained unanswered until the 1920s.[82] A detailed study suggests that Polo engaged in the discourse not so much to challenge the evolutionist theory,[83] but to confront secularism which used it as a ram against the Spanish Catholic outlook.[84]

Politician
Carlist standard

Polo commenced his political career in 1870, speaking at local meetings in Sierra de Albarracín.[85] During the Third Carlist War he supported the insurgents as an ojalatero,[86] placed under police surveillance with most of his property embargoed.[87] Facing restrictions and fearing for his life, he temporarily went into hiding;[88] even following the Carlist defeat in 1876 he was longtime harassed at his workplace in Teruel.[89]

In the 1880s he contributed to the legitimist cause mostly as a novelist, propagating Carlist virtues of his protagonists, and as a catedratico, lambasting liberal ideas[90] disseminated by Jews[91] and freemasonry.[92] He lost in 1891[93] and 1893[94] campaigns to Cortes, finally victorious in 1896.[95] In parliament he focused on education, opposing Liberal secularisation plans[96] and promoting local languages in schools.[97] Following defeats in successive elections[98] he resumed parliamentary career as a senator in 1907,[99] re-elected in 1910 and 1914.[100] In the upper chamber he kept defending the position of Catholic church,[101] especially during the Ley del Candado crisis;[102] he was sort of acknowledged as dangerous opponent by procedural gimmicks, employed by his adversaries.[103] Lambasting the others for compromising party line, he himself engaged in secret talks with the conservatives.[104]

In the 1890s Polo emerged among the Valencian Carlist chieftains. He forged friendly relations with marqués de Cerralbo[105] and a number of other national leaders, gradually becoming a pivotal figure.[106] Personally introduced to Carlos VII,[107] in 1901 he was considered a candidate for his personal secretary.[108] Revealing interest in the emerging workers’ question[109] he contributed to Acta de Loredan,[110] published official Carlist program[111] and persuaded the claimant to re-organise the party, uniting military and civil command chain.[112] Fully aware of the need to modernise Traditionalism, he appreciated the role of efficient party structures,[113] building a dense network of circulos.[114]

In 1904 Polo was nominated jefe of the Valencian branch.[115] Personally intransigent,[116] he was resented by other Levantine leaders, Manuel Simó Marín and Joaquín Llorens Fernandez.[117] The conflict, fuelled by strong personalities, Polo's adamant leadership style[118] and discrepancies between legitimistas and posibilistas,[119] continuously plagued his Valencian tenure.[120] Also on the national scene, bedeviled by intrigues among Carlist pundits, Polo's relations deteriorated, including those with Carlos VII and especially his wife Berthe de Rohan.[121] He considered his resignation, handed to the new Carlist king Jaime III, a purely procedural gesture, and was shocked to see it accepted,[122] though as a senator he was appointed to national executive, Junta Nacional Tradicionalista, in 1912.[123]

Polo's funeral, Valencia

With no close family,[124] surrounded by books, moths and butterflies,[125] dedicated to completion of his massive memories,[126] personally intolerant and sour up to acrimony, by the end of his life Polo grew into a misanthrope and passed into living memory as "grumpy old man".[127] He became increasingly pessimistic as to the future of Traditionalism, highly skeptical of its political leaders and the claimant himself.[128] At one point he considered himself close to Integrism,[129] though until his death he remained loyal to the Carlist dynasty.

Works

Carlism and politics

Catholicism and ethics

Law and science

Novels and tales

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See also

Footnotes
  1. Javier Esteve Martí, La política antiliberal en España bajo el signo del nacionalismo: el padre Corbato y Polo y Peyrolón [PhD thesis Universitat de València], Valencia 2017, p. 17; see also Roberto Sanz Ponce, La Sierra de Albarracín y Polo y Peyroloñ: historia de una relación ascética, [in:] Rehalda 13 (2010), p. 25
  2. Sanz Ponce 2010, p. 25
  3. Sanz Ponce 2010, p. 19
  4. Esteve Martí 2017, p. 17
  5. Sanz Ponce 2010, p. 19
  6. Sanz Ponce 2010, p. 19
  7. B. de Artagan [Reynaldo Brea], Políticos del carlismo, Barcelona 1912, p. 112
  8. Sanz Ponce 2010, p. 19, the aunt became his second mother, Javier Urcelay Alonso, Introducción, [in:] Memorias políticas de M. Polo y Peyrolón (1870-1913), Madrid 2013, ISBN 9788499405872, p. 17
  9. Urcelay Alonso 2013, p. 11
  10. Sanz Ponce 2010, p. 19
  11. Esteve Martí 2017, p. 18
  12. Polo y Peyrolón, Manuel (1846 -1918) entry at mcnbiografias.com
  13. Urcelay Alonso 2013, p. 12
  14. Esteve Martí 2017, p. 18
  15. mcnbiografias.com, see also cover of his works, available here
  16. Carles Sirera Mirrales, Neocatolicismo y darwinismo en las aulas: el caso del instituto provincial de Valencia, [in:] Ayer 81 (2011), p. 251
  17. Manuel Polo y Peyrolon, Elementos etica o filosofia moral, Valencia 1882
  18. Esteve Martí 2017, p. 18
  19. Sirera Mirrales 2011, p. 251
  20. Sanz Ponce 2010, p. 20, Urcelay Alonso 2013, p. 11
  21. Urcelay Alonso 2013, p. 12
  22. full title Realidad poética de mis montañas. Costumbres de la Sierra de Albarracín
  23. Los Mellizos, El sí de una serrana, La tío Levítico, Lo que puede una mujer, Jose Manuel Vilar Pacheco, Breve noticia de obras literarias y escritores de la Sierra de Albarracín available here
  24. actually, the volume contained also Vocabulario para la inteligencia de los provincialismos, palabras anticuadas, familiares ó poco conocidas y frases oscuras contenidas en estos Cuadros
  25. full title Los Mayos. Costumbres populares de la Sierra de Albarracín
  26. Sanz Ponce 2010, p. 23
  27. Urcelay Alonso 2013, p. 12
  28. see Libros recibidos section of Revista de Aragon, 20 (1879), available here
  29. full title Sacramento y concubinato. Novela original de costumbres aragonesas
  30. Sanz Ponce 2010, p. 23
  31. full title Pacorro. Novela de costumbres serranas
  32. Sanz Ponce 2010, p. 24
  33. full title El guerrillero. Novela tejida con retazos de la historia militar carlista
  34. Sanz Ponce 2010, p. 24
  35. like Seis novelas cortas (1891) or Alma y vida serrana, costumbres populares de la Sierra de Albarracín (serie de cuentos) (1910)
  36. Jesus Bregante, Diccionario espasa. Literatura española, Madrid 2003, ISBN 8467012722 p. 753; relations between Polo and Baztan soured as she later accused him of plagiarism, see mcnbiografias.com
  37. Paula Lázaro Izquirerda, Lengua patria y dialectos regionales: una convivencia necesaria en el pensamiento de Manuel Polo y Peyrolon, [in:] Rehalda 5 (2007), p. 28
  38. see Jose Maria de Pereda, Cuarenta cartas ineditas a Manuel Polo y Peyrolon, Santander 1990, ISBN 9788485429875
  39. he started to co-operate with the periodical in 1880, María del Carmen Servén Díez, La ilustración católica frente a la novela: 1877-1894, [in:] Revista de literatura 127 (2002), p. 231;
  40. Ulpiano Lada Ferreras La narrativa oral literaria: estudio pragmático, Oviedo 2003, ISBN 3935004362, 9783935004367, p. 96
  41. Servén Díez 2002, p. 229
  42. compare his theoretical study El naturalismo ¿ es un signo de progreso ó de decadencia en la literatura?, published in 1885
  43. Servén Díez 2002, p. 231
  44. Servén Díez 2002, p. 234
  45. loosely translatable as "literary clown", an insult cointed by José Martinez Ruiz in the 1890s, quoted after Felipe Pedraza Jimenez, Milagros Rodriguez Caceres, Manual de literatura española, vol. IX, Tafalla 1987, ISBN 8485511182, p. 537
  46. in his massive work Historia de la lengua y literatura castellana, Julio Cejador y Frauca marginally mentions Polo y Peyrolón in volume IX (Segundo periodo de la epoca realista), Madrid 1918, but ignores him in volumes X/XI (Epoca regional y modernista), Madrid 1919
  47. he is straightforwardly mentioned as a second-rate novelist by Santiago Sebastian, Aportación de Polo y Peyrolón a la Etnologia turolense, [in:] Aragon 1958, p. 6
  48. excerpts from his Historia de un ochavo moruno (1884) were placed in Jose Bergua (ed.), Las mil mejores paginas de la lengua castellana. Antologia de prosistas, Madrid 1969, pp. 301-303
  49. Iris M. Zavala, Historia y critica de la literatura espanola, vol. 5 (Romanticismo y realismo), Barcelona 1982, ISBN 847423185X, Juan Luis Alborg, Historia de la literatura española, vol. 6 (Realismo y naturalismo. La novela), Madrid 1996, ISBN 8424917936
  50. D. L. Shaw, Historia de la literatura española, vol. 5 (El siglo XIX), Barcelona 1972, ISBN 8434483564
  51. compare Ricardo Gullon (ed.), Diccionario de Literatura Española y Hispanoamericana, vol. 2, Madrid 1993, ISBN 8420652482, p. 1312, or Bregante 2003, p. 753
  52. Mariano Baquero Goyanes, El cuento español: del romanticismo al realismo, Madrid 2012, ISBN 9788400072131, p. 78
  53. Urcelay Alonso 2013, p. 12
  54. Bregante 2003, p. 753
  55. Sanz Ponce 2010, p. 22, Magdalena Aguinaga Alfonso, El costumbrismo de Pereda: innovaciones y técnicas narrativas, Oviedo 1996, ISBN 3930700816, 9783930700813, p. 154
  56. Polo y Perolón, Manuel entry on Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa online, available here
  57. occasionally Polo's realism also slipped into somewhat cruel naturalism, see Baquero 2012, p. 78
  58. Baquero 2012, p. 77
  59. Sanz Ponce 2010, pp. 21-22
  60. Sanz Ponce 2010, p. 22
  61. most sources claim he moved in 1879; Sanz, however, notes (p. 14) that "Polo saca la cátedra del Instituto de Valencia [sic!] y traslada su residencia a la capital del Turia" in 1880
  62. Sirera Mirrales 2011, p. 257
  63. like Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País, Comision de monumentos historicos y artisticos de la provincia de Valencia, Academia Filosofico-Medica de Santo Tomas de Aquino de Roma, Academia Cientifica de Bruselas, M. Polo y Peyrolon, Elementos de etica o filosofia moral, Valencia 1882
  64. mcnbiografias.com, see also Agustín Fernández Escudero, El marqués de Cerralbo (1845-1922): biografía politica [PhD thesis], Madrid 2012, p. 420
  65. Urcelay Alonso 2013, p. 11
  66. Urcelay Alonso 2013, p. 11, mcnbiografias.com
  67. Sirera Mirrales 2011, pp. 251-2; some name him the follower of Jaime Balmes, see Federico Martínez Roda, Valencia y las Valencias: su historia contemporánea (1800-1975), Valencia 1998, ISBN 8486792894, 9788486792893, p. 190
  68. Sanz Ponce 2011
  69. Urcelay Alonso 2013, p. 11
  70. also by Francisco Pi y Margall, Emilio Castelar, Manuel Pedregal y Canedo, Rafael Altamira, Paweł Skibiński, Historia a siwadomosc nardowa. Próba analizy historiografii hiszpanskiej drugiej połowy XIX stulecia, [in:] Przegląd Historyczny 91 (2000), pp. 225-230
  71. Skibiński 2000, pp. 227-228
  72. Enrique Sanchez Reyes, Estudios y discursos de crítica histórica y literaria. Siglo XIX. Críticos y novelistas. Estudios regionales. hispanistas y literaturas extranjeras, Madrid 1942, quoted after Biblioteca Virtual Menénded Pelayo, available here
  73. Skibinski 2000, pp. 228-229
  74. see for instance his 1913 defence of teaching Catechism in public schools, see Roberto Sanz Ponce, La enseñanza del Catecismo ayer y hoy: las reflexiones del senador Polo y Peyrolón at formacioncontinua.com (2013), available here
  75. Sirera Mirrales 2011, p. 241
  76. embodied in Contra Darwin: supuesto parentesco entre el hombre y el mono, published in 1881; Emilia Pardo Bazán accused this work of plagiarism, see mcnbiografias.com
  77. mcnbiografias.com
  78. a contemporary student notes that "Polo's demons" - liberals, krausists, darwinists and freemasons – were the same demons that haunted Franco, Lázaro Izquirerda 2007, p. 29
  79. Sirera Mirrales 2011, p. 251-2
  80. "Como muchos pensadores católicos, Peyrolón confiaba supeditar el empirismo científico a la fe católica de una forma conciliadora. Pero la dificultad de esta tarea se acrecentó con la difusión del darwinismo en el último tercio del siglo XIX por la intensa polémica intelectual que suscitó al tratarse de la primera controversia científica de alcance mundial que transcurrió, al mismo tiempo, ante los académicos versados en la materia y el público general", Sirera Mirrales 2011, p. 253
  81. see the opinion of José María López Piñero, quoted after Sirera Mirrales 2011, p. 256
  82. Thomas F. Glick, Darwin en España, Valencia 2010, ISBN 9788437078182, p. 53
  83. in Valencia Polo had to share the scholarly ambience with Emilio Ribera, one of the top naturalists, Sirera Mirrales 2011, p. 254
  84. Sirera Mirrales 2011, p. 260
  85. Sanz Ponce 2010, p. 20
  86. Sanz Ponce 2010, p. 22; Polo's younger brother Florentino served in Carlist troops as adjutant and secretary to general Manuel Marco y Rodrigo
  87. Sanz Ponce 2010, p. 21
  88. Sanz Ponce 2010, p. 21
  89. he had to enter repetitive oposiciones a cátedra to get his contract prolonged, Sanz Ponce 2010, p. 22
  90. his public activities were guided by 4 principles: fighting liberalism, especially its Catholic version embodied in the "unionistas", defending the Church against liberal secularisation attempts, fighting socialism and republicanism among the urban proletariat and the Carlist legitimism, Urcelay Alonso 2013, p. 18-19
  91. Solange Hibbs-Lissorgues, Imágenes del judío y antisemitismo en la literatura y la prensa católicas del siglo XIX, [in:] Lucienne Domergeu (ed.), Pueblo, nación y elites. España contemporánea, Paris 1996, pp. 167-188
  92. see Polo's La masonería española lecture, delivered at 5t Congreso Católico Español in Burgos in 1899, Sanz Ponce 2010, p. 25-26
  93. Archivo diplomático y consular de España, Madrid, 24.08.92, n. 418, p. 1661, quoted after Manuel Polo y Peyrolón 1846-1918 entry at filosofia.org, available here. However, he is not listed as an official Carlist candidate by Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 237-238
  94. Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 249
  95. see official Cortes service available here
  96. according to Polo, Canalejas did more for Carlism than dozens of meetings and leaflets, Urcelay Alonso 2013, p. 15
  97. with the purpose to teach castellano, Lázaro Izquirerda 2007, p. 31; according to Polo the one who does not love his small patria does not love his big one (e.g. Spain) either
  98. Manuel Polo y Peyrolón, Memorias políticas, Madrid 2013, ISBN 9788499405872, pp. 113-116
  99. voted in by the provincial Valencian deputies, Polo was one of 8 Carlist senators, see Cesar Alcala, 100 ańos de Solidaridad Catalana, [in:] Arbil 90 (2007). He ceded his role of the Carlist Valencian candidate for the House of Deputies to Rafaél Díaz Aguado Salaberry, who lost the 1907 campaign
  100. see the official Senado service available here
  101. he was awarded the Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice order by Leo XIII, Urcelay Alonso 2013, p. 12; Polo admired the Pope for Quod Apostolici and Rerum novarum encyclicae, condemning communism, socialism and anarchism, mcnbiografias.com
  102. http://www.filosofia.org
  103. Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 329
  104. Urcelay Alonso 2013, p. 18
  105. compare correspondence between the two, repeatedly quoted by Fernández Escudero 2012
  106. Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 406; see also Polo's abundant correspondence with conde Melgar, Tirso Olazabal, Sacanell, Barrio and others
  107. twice visiting the claimant in his Italian residences, Polo 2013, pp. 59-98
  108. Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 405
  109. see his El trabajo y el salario según la doctrina católica, Santiago 1897
  110. Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 325-6
  111. Credo y programa del Partido Carlista, Valencia 1905, see here
  112. Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 413
  113. Jordi Canal, Espacio propio, espacio publico. La sociabilidad carlista en la España de fines del siglo XIX y principos del siglo XX, [in:] historiapolitica.com service, pp. 8, 14
  114. in terms of number of circulos and juntas created in the 1890s, the province of Valencia was second only to Barcelona, far ahead of traditional Carlist strongholds like Navarre and Gipuzkoa, see Francisco Javier Caspistegui, Historia por descubrir. Materiales para estudio del carlismo, Estella 2012, ISBN 9788423532148, pp. 32-33
  115. Polo 2013, pp. 159-166
  116. Urcelay Alonso 2013, p. 17; he was earlier at odds with José Corbató Chillida, editor of the Valencian Traditionalist review Luz Católica
  117. Urcelay Alonso 2013, p. 17
  118. he applied double standards to the internal party discipline, depending whether he was or was not at office, Urcelay Alonso 2013, p. 18
  119. though Carlism is typically viewed as fanatical, in fact it has always been plagued by division between those opting for "malminorismo" and those preferring to "echarse al monte"; Polo tended to side with the latter. His intransigence is credited for preventing the party from amalgamation into Union Católica, Lliga or other collaborative structures, see Urcelay Alonso 2013, p. 18
  120. Urcelay Alonso 2013, p. 18
  121. Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 307; in conflict with the widow, he decided not to take part in the funeral ceremonies of Carlos VII, Urcelay Alonso 2013, p. 18
  122. Polo 2013, pp. 289-296
  123. it was Simó representing the Valencia branch, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 443-4
  124. after the Third Carlist War his brother Manuel lived in Cuba and England, where he died following a horse accident in 1891, Artagan 1912, p. 116
  125. Polo was also amateur lepidopterist; since the childhood days in Sierra de Albarracín he was collecting moths and butterflies, donated later to Biblioteca del Instituto de Segunda Enseñanza de Valencia, Sanz Ponce 2010, p. 19; Urcelay Alonso 2013, p. 12 claims it was Biblioteca del Instituto de Segunda Enseñanza de Teruel. He donated his library to Biblioteca del Instituto de Segunda Enseñanza de Teruel, Sanz Ponce 2010, p. 27; his private documentation, including massive correspondence, was donated to Real Academia de la Historia, Urcelay Alonso 2013, p. 12 and is invaluable source of information on Carlism of the era
  126. Polo titled his work Memorias de un sexagenario; it falls into 3 blocks covering personal, political and religious issues, and was first published in 2013, Fernando Durán López [review], Manuel Polo y Peyrolón: Memorias politicas, [in:] Iberoamericana 14/54 (2014), pp. 235-237
  127. Urcelay Alonso 2013, p. 17
  128. Urcelay Alonso 2013, pp. 16-17; according to Polo, "D. Jaime Borbón y Borbón, heredero de la Jefatura de esta gran Casa Real, de la legitimidad española y de la representación católico-monárquica de su augusto padre, le tenían sin cuidado los principios, base y fundamento de su posición y prestigio en el mundo", quoted after Javier Esteve Martí, El carlismo ante la reorganización de las derechas. De la Segunda Guerra Carlista a la Guerra Civil [in:] Pasado y Memoria. Revista de Historia Contemporánea 13 (2014), p. 127
  129. Urcelay Alonso 2013, p. 17; this was a change compared to the 1890s, when he considered the Integrist secession a blessing for Carlism, see Jordi Canal, Las «muertes» y las «resurrecciones» del carlismo. Reflexiones sobre la escisión integrista de 1888, [in:] Ayer 38 (2000), p. 116

Further reading
  • Serafín Aldecoa Calvo, Vida, obra y ciencia en Manuel Polo y Peylorón [lecture delivered at Simposio Manuel Polo y Peylorón, Gea de Albarracín, 15. December 2018]
  • Francesco D’Amaro, Javier Esteve Martí, El modelo germanófilo de la "modernidad". El caso de Manuel Polo y Perolón ante la Gran Guerra, [in:] Damián A. González Madrid, Manuel Ortiz Heras, Juan Sisinio Pérez Garzón (eds.) La Historia, lost in translation?, Cuenca 2017, ISBN 9788490442654, pp. 3243-3254
  • José Luis Castán Esteban, Manuel Polo y Peylorón contra la Institución Libre de Enseñanza en España. Krausismo y tradicionalismo español en la Educación Secundaria a finales del siglo XIX y comienzos del XX [lecture delivered at Simposio Manuel Polo y Peylorón, Gea de Albarracín, 15. December 2018]
  • Javier Esteve Martí, Las estrategias clericales ante la modernización: el caso valenciano a través de Manuel Polo y Peyrolón, [in:] José Antonio Caballero Machí, Raúl Minguez Blasco (eds.), Culturas políticas en la contemporaneidad, Valencia 2015, ISBN 9788460658726, pp. 26–29
  • Javier Esteve Martí, Un geano en las Cortes. La carrera política de Manuel Polo y Peyrolón [lecture delivered at Simposio Manuel Polo y Peylorón, Gea de Albarracín, 15. December 2018]
  • Javier Esteve Martí, La política antiliberal en España bajo el signo del nacionalismo: el padre Corbato y Polo y Peyrolón [PhD thesis Universitat de València], Valencia 2017
  • Agustín Fernández Escudero, El marqués de Cerralbo (1845-1922): biografía politica [PhD thesis UNED], Madrid 2012
  • Paula Lázaro Izquirerda, Lengua patria y dialectos regionales: una convivencia necesaria en el pensamiento de Manuel Polo y Peyrolon, [in:] Rehalda 5 (2007), pp. 25–34
  • Francisco Lázaro Polo, Del Costumbrismo al Naturalismo: la narrativa de Manuel Polo y Peyrolón [lecture delivered at Simposio Manuel Polo y Peylorón, Gea de Albarracín, 15. December 2018]
  • Roberto Sanz Ponce, El regeneracionismo político-educativo: El estudio de la obra de Manuel Polo y Peyrolón, Madrid 2011, ISBN 978-3-8443-3720-4
  • Roberto Sanz Ponce, La educación y Manuel Polo y Peylorón: pensamiento, obra y… [lecture delivered at Simposio Manuel Polo y Peylorón, Gea de Albarracín, 15. December 2018]
  • Roberto Sanz Ponce, La Sierra de Albarracín y Polo y Peyrolón: historia de una relación ascética, [in:] Rehalda 13 (2010), pp. 19–28
  • Carles Sirera Mirrales, Neocatolicismo y darwinismo en las aulas: el caso del instituto provincial de Valencia, [in:] Ayer 81 (2011), pp. 241–262
  • Javier Urcelay Alonso (ed.), Memorias políticas de M. Polo y Peyrolón (1870-1913), Madrid 2013, ISBN 9788499405872
  • José Manuel Vilar Pacheco, La sierra de Albarracín en la obra de Manuel Polo (léxico y cultura popular) [lecture delivered at Simposio Manuel Polo y Peylorón, Gea de Albarracín, 15. December 2018]
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