Malmidea

Malmidea is a genus of crustose lichens and the type genus of the family Malmideaceae.[1] It was established in 2011 to contain a phylogenetically distinct group of species formerly placed in the genus Malcolmiella. Malmidea comprises more than 50 mostly tropical species that grow on bark, although a few grow on leaves.

Malmidea
Malmidea furfurosa
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Malmideaceae
Genus: Malmidea
Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011)
Type species
Malmidea piperis
(Spreng.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011)

Taxonomy

Both the family Malmideaceae and the genus Malmidea were created in 2011 to accommodate a group of species, formerly placed in genus Malcolmiella (family Pilocarpaceae), that molecular phylogenetics showed to be a distinct lineage and worthy of recognition at the family level. Kalb and colleagues originally placed 37 species in the genus–5 new species and 32 new combinations.[1] Many additional species have since been transferred to Malmidea from other genera, or described as new.

Description

The thallus of Malmidea lichens grow on bark (corticolous) or on leaves (foliicolous). The form of the thallus is like a crust, ranging in surface texture from smooth to verrucose (studded with wartlike protuberances), granulose (covered with small grains) or pustulate (covered with pustules). These variously shaped surface bumps are often formed by goniocysts (spherical aggregations of photobiont cells surrounded by short-celled hyphae) that develop on a whitish fibrous underlying prothallus. The photobiont partner of Malmidea is a member of Chlorococcaceae, a family of green algae.[1]

Malmidea apothecia are sessile, with a more or less rounded shape, and have a distinct margin. They have a biatorine structure, meaning that they have only a pale, not blackened proper margin and always lack a margin on the thallus. The excipulum is usually paraplectenchymatous (a cell arrangement where the hyphae are oriented in all directions), made of radiating hyphae, partly with medullary layer or chambers composed of loosely arranged, periclinal hyphae (i.e. lined up in parallel adjacent to another layer of hyphae) with constricted septa and incrusted with hydrophobic granules. The hypothecium (the layer of hyphal tissue immediately beneath the hymenium) is prosoplectenchymatous (a cell arrangement where the hyphae are all oriented in one direction), and translucent to dark brown. Asci are club-shaped, lacking a distinct tubular structure in the tholus that is characteristic of family Pilocarpaceae. Ascospores usually number 4 to 8 per ascus, and are colourless, ellipsoid, non-septate, and usually filled with oblong crystals. The spore walls are evenly thickened or thickened at the ends, and halonate (having a transparent outer layer). Conidia are threadlike and curved, measuring 17–25 by 0.8 μm.[1]

Secondary chemicals associated with Malmidea include atranorin, sometimes norsolorinic acid (as in M. piperis), anthraquinones, biphenyls and many unknown xantholepinones.[1]

Species

As of 2020, Malmidea contains an estimated 52 species,[2] although more are expected to be transferred into the genus from tropical species of Lecidea. Malmidea mostly occurs in tropical rainforests.[3]

  • Malmidea amazonica (Redinger) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011)
  • Malmidea atlantica (M.Cáceres & Lücking) M.Cáceres & Kalb (2011)
  • Malmidea attenboroughii Kukwa & B.Guzow-Krzem. (2019)[4] – Bolivia
  • Malmidea aurigera (Fée) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011)
  • Malmidea bacidinoides (Lücking) Kalb & Lücking (2011)
  • Malmidea badimioides (M.Cáceres & Lücking) M.Cáceres & Kalb (2011)
  • Malmidea bakeri (Vain.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011) – Asia
  • Malmidea ceylanica (Zahlbr.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011)
  • Malmidea chrysostigma (Vain.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011) – Asia
  • Malmidea cineracea Breuss & Lücking (2015)[3] – Nicaragua
  • Malmidea cinereonigrella (Vain.) Kalb (2011)
  • Malmidea coralliformis Kalb (2011) – Thailand
  • Malmidea corallophora Aptroot & Schumm (2012) – Philippines
  • Malmidea duplomarginata (Papong & Kalb) Kalb & Papong (2011)
  • Malmidea eeuuae Kalb (2011) – Thailand
  • Malmidea fellhaneroides (Lücking) Kalb & Lücking (2011)
  • Malmidea fenicis (Vain.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011)
  • Malmidea flavopustulosa (M.Cáceres & Lücking) M.Cáceres & Kalb (2011)
  • Malmidea floridensis (Nyl.) M.Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking (2017) – [5]
  • Malmidea fulva (Malme) Kalb & van den Boom (2014)
  • Malmidea furfurosa (Tuck. ex Nyl.) Kalb & Lücking (2011)
  • Malmidea fuscella (Müll. Arg.) Kalb & Lücking (2011)
  • Malmidea granifera (Ach.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011)
  • Malmidea gyalectoides (Vain.) Kalb & Lücking (2011)
  • Malmidea gymnopiperis Kalb (2011)
  • Malmidea hypomelaena (Nyl.) Kalb & Lücking (2011)
  • Malmidea incrassata Kalb (2012)[6] – Brazil
  • Malmidea indica (D.D.Awasthi & M.R.Agarwal) Hafellner & T. Sprib. (2011)
  • Malmidea inflata Kalb (2011) – Thailand
  • Malmidea leptoloma (Müll.Arg.) Kalb & Lücking (2011)
  • Malmidea leucogranifera M.Cáceres & Lücking (2012)
  • Malmidea nigromarginata (Malme) Lücking & Breuss (2015)[3] – Nicaragua
  • Malmidea pallidoatlantica M. Cáceres, V.M.Santos & Aptroot (2013)[7] – Brazil
  • Malmidea papillosa Weerakoon & Aptroot (2014)[8] – Sri Lanka
  • Malmidea perisidiata (Malme) Kalb & Lücking (2011)
  • Malmidea perplexa Kalb (2011) – Brazil; Thailand
  • Malmidea piae (Kalb) Kalb (2011) – Thailand
  • Malmidea piperina (Zahlbr.) Aptroot & Breuss (2015)
  • Malmidea piperis (Spreng.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011)
  • Malmidea plicata Weerakoon & Aptroot (2016)[9] – Sri Lanka
  • Malmidea polisensis (Vain.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011)
  • Malmidea polycampia (Tuck.) Kalb & Lücking (2011)
  • Malmidea psychotrioides (Kalb & Lücking) Kalb (2011)
  • Malmidea reunionis Kalb (2012)[6] – Réunion
  • Malmidea rhodopsis (Tuck.) Kalb (2011)
  • Malmidea sanguineostigma Weerakoon & Aptroot (2013)[10] – Sri Lanka
  • Malmidea sorsogona (Vain.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011)
  • Malmidea subaurigera (Vain.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011) – Asia
  • Malmidea subgranifera (Kalb & Elix) Kalb & Elix (2011)
  • Malmidea sulphureosorediata M.Cáceres, D.A.Mota & Aptroot (2013)[7] – Brazil
  • Malmidea taytayensis (Vain.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011)
  • Malmidea trailiana (Müll.Arg.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011)
  • Malmidea tratiana Kalb & Mongk. (2012)[6] – Thailand
  • Malmidea variabilis Kalb (2011) – Thailand
  • Malmidea vinosa (Eschw.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2011)
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References
  1. Kalb, K.; Rivas Plata, E.; Lücking, R.; Lumbsch, H.T. (2011). "The phylogenetic position of Malmidea, a new genus for the Lecidea piperis- and Lecanora granifera-groups (Lecanorales, Malmideaceae), inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences, with special reference to Thai species" (PDF). Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 106: 143–168.
  2. Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; LKT, Al-Ani; S, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; Tsurykau, Andrei; Mesic, Armin; Navathe, Sudhir; Papp, Viktor; Oliveira Fiuza, Patrícia; Vázquez, Víctor; Gautam, Ajay; Becerra, Alejandra G.; Ekanayaka, Anusha; K. C., Rajeshkumar; Bezerra, Jadson; Matočec, Neven; Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa; Suetrong, Satinee (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8.
  3. Breuss, Othmar; Lücking, Robert (2015). "Three new lichen species from Nicaragua, with keys to the known species of Eugeniella and Malmidea". Lichenologist. 47 (1): 9–20. doi:10.1017/S0024282914000565.
  4. Guzow-Krzemińska, B; Flakus, A; Kosecka, M; Jabłońska, A; Rodriguez-Flakus, P; Kukwa, M. (2019). "New species and records of lichens from Bolivia". Phytotaxa. 397 (4): 257–279. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.397.4.1.
  5. Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva; Aptroot, André; Lücking, Robert (2017). "Sprucidea, a further new genus of rain forest lichens in the family Malmideaceae (Ascomycota)". Bryologist. 120 (2): 202–211. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-120.2.202.
  6. Kalb, Klaus; Buaruang, Kawinnat; Mongkolsuk, Pachara; Boonpragob, Kansri (2012). "New or otherwise interesting lichens. VI, including a lichenicolous fungus". Phytotaxa. 42: 35–47. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.42.1.5.
  7. Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva; Santos, Viviane Monique dos; Góes, Drielle Tavares de; Mota, Danyelle Andrade; Aptroot, André (2013). "Two new species of Malmidea from north-eastern Brazil". Lichenologist. 45 (5): 619–622. doi:10.1017/S0024282913000248.
  8. Weerakoon, Gothamie; Aptroot, André (2014). "Over 200 new lichen records from Sri Lanka, with three new species to science". Cryptogamie, Mycologie. 35 (1): 51–62. doi:10.7872/crym.v35.iss1.2014.51.
  9. Weerakoon, Gothamie; Wolseley, Patricia A.; Arachchige, Omal; Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva; Jayalal, Udeni; Aptroot, André (2016). "Eight new lichen species and 88 new records from Sri Lanka". Bryologist. 119 (2): 131–142. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-119.2.131.
  10. Weerakoon, Gothamie; Aptroot, André (2013). "Some new lichen species from Sri Lanka, with a key to the genus Heterodermia in Sri Lanka". Cryptogamie, Mycologie. 34 (4): 321–328. doi:10.7872/crym.v34.iss4.2013.321.
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