Malines (chicken)
The Malines, Dutch: 'Mechelse Koekoek', is a Belgian breed of large domestic chicken. It originates from the area of Mechelen (French: Malines), in the province of Antwerp in Flanders, for which it is named. It was created in the nineteenth century by cross-breeding local cuckoo-patterned farm chickens with various different types of imported Oriental chicken. With the Jersey Giant, it is among the heaviest of all chicken breeds. It is valued for the quality of its meat, which is pale in colour and fine-textured.[4][5]
 Malines cock and hen, illustration from circa 1900 | |
| Conservation status | endangered[1]:56 |
|---|---|
| Other names |
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| Country of origin | Belgium |
| Distribution | nationwide |
| Traits | |
| Weight | |
| Skin colour | white |
| Egg colour | tinted |
| Comb type | single |
| Classification | |
| EE | yes[2] |
| PCGB | soft feather, heavy[3] |
| |
History
The Malines originates in the southern part of the province of Antwerp and the northern part of the province of Brabant, in eastern Flanders. It derives from cross-breeding of local cuckoo-patterned farm chickens with several of the various types of Oriental chicken that began to be imported to Europe in the nineteenth century. From about 1852, cuckoo-patterned local chickens were crossed with birds which had been brought from Shanghai, China, to the zoological gardens of Antwerp. Later, Brahma, Langshan and Cochin birds were also used. The resulting birds had the large structure of the Oriental chickens, but retained the meat quality of the local stock. Selective breeding for type and colour began in 1891, and in 1898 the Malines received official recognition.[1]:46
In the early twentieth century the Malines became famous under the name "Poulet de Bruxelles", and was in great demand for the quality of its meat, which is white and finely textured. After the Second World War, when competition from imported specialised meat breeds became more intense, its popularity faded. In 2010 there were 575 breeding birds in Flanders.[1]:46
A variant of the Malines, the Dutch: Mechelse Kalkoenkop or French: Malines à tête de dindon (roughly, "turkey-headed Malines") was created by cross-breeding with the Combattant de Bruges game breed, and has an unusual triple comb. It was created in the early twentieth century in response to demand from Germany for still heavier birds, and is heavier than the single-comb Malines.[1]:46 It is reported as a separate breed; in 2013 there were 88 in total.[6]
A bantam Malines was independently developed by two breeders in 1990. It is not widespread.[1]:46
Characteristics
The Malines is a massive bird, among the heaviest of all chicken breeds. The comb is usually single; the legs are pale and slightly feathered.[1]:46[5]:331 In Belgium, eight colour varieties of plumage are recognised;[1]:56 in Germany there are nine.[2]
Use
The Malines is reared mainly for its meat, which is fine, pale, and close-textured. Hens lay about 140–160 tinted eggs per year, with a weight of about 65 g.[1]:56 They are good mothers and excellent sitters.[1]:46
See also
References
- N. Moula, M. Jacquet, A. Verelst, N. Antoine-Moussiaux, F. Farnir, P. Leroy (2012). Les races de poules belges (in French). Annales de Médecine Vétérinaire 156: 37-65. Accessed January 2017.
- Liste des races et variétés homologuée dans les pays EE (28.04.2013). Entente Européenne d’Aviculture et de Cuniculture. Archived 16 June 2013.
- Breed Classification. Poultry Club of Great Britain. Archived 12 June 2018.
- Breed data sheet: Mechelse hoen/Belgium. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed January 2017.
- Victoria Roberts (2008). British poultry standards: complete specifications and judging points of all standardized breeds and varieties of poultry as compiled by the specialist breed clubs and recognised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 9781405156424.
- Breed data sheet: Mechelse kalkoenkop/Belgium. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed January 2017.
Further reading
- J.-M. Larivière, J. Detilleux, P. Leroy (2011). Estimates of inbreeding rates in forty traditional Belgian chicken breeds populations = Schätzung des Inzuchtgrades bei vierzig einheimischen Belgischen Hühnerrassen. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 75 ( 1): 1- 6.
