Maija Grotell
Maija (Majlis) Grotell (August 19, 1899 — December 6, 1973) was an influential Finnish-American ceramic artist and educator.[1] She is often described as the "Mother of American Ceramics."[2]
Maija Grotell | |
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Born | Maija Grotell August 19, 1899 Helsinki, Finland |
Died | December 6, 1973 74) Pontiac, Michigan, United States | (aged
Nationality | Finnish Naturalized U.S. citizen, 1934 |
Education | University of Art and Design Helsinki |
Known for | Ceramics |
Awards | Diploma di Colabrador, Barcelona International Exhibition (1929) Silver Medal, Paris International Exhibition (1937) Excellence in Teaching Award, the National Council on Education for the Ceramic Arts (1999 posthumously) |
Early life and education
Finland
Maija Grotell was born in Helsinki, Finland. She completed six years of graduate work at the University of Art and Design Helsinki housed in the Ateneum.[3] Grotell supported herself during her graduate career by working as a textile designer and working for the Finnish National Museum. Unable to find work after graduation, Grotell left Finland for New York in 1927. She choose the United States because it was less regulated and offered more opportunities for ceramists and women.[3] Grotell later recalled that "after three days in New York, just with the phone, I had a job."[4]
United States
During her first summer in the United States, Maija Grotell travelled to Alfred University to work with Charles Fergus Binns. She clashed with Binns on his teaching methodology, preferring the potter's wheel to Binns's constructive method. Wheel thrown ceramics were not common in the United States at the time; American potters commonly used coiling, slip casting, or slab building. Grotell, and other European émigrés like Gertrude and Otto Natzler and Marguerite Wildenhain, were largely responsible for bringing European wheel thrown techniques to the United States. Her skill with the potter's wheel proved beneficial for Grotell; she was often asked to demonstrate the technique and could easily find work teaching throughout New York City.[3] In 1938, Grotell took a position as the head of the ceramics program at Cranbrook Academy of Art in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. Grotell was hesitant to take the position at Cranbrook. She had initially been declined for the post because the school preferred a male instructor. When the position was offered to her the following year, Grotell feared she could lose her independence as a single woman and credit for her success would be attributed to her male colleagues.[3]
Cranbrook Academy of Art
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At Cranbrook, Grotell worked primarily with high-fire glazes and stoneware clay bodies. Over her three-decade career, she was an avid experimenter; investigating a variety of glaze chemistries, kilns, and clay bodies. Her glaze formulas remain an important part of her legacy—influencing generations of students and paving the way for the use of ceramics in architecture after her colleague Eero Saarinen used her glazes for the exterior of the General Motors Technical Center.[5]
As an educator, Grotell was an innovative and dedicated instructor. She discouraged imitation and promoted her students to develop their individual aesthetic. Grotell was known to work all night at the studio on her own ceramics after teaching, quickly returning home to change cloths and then return to the studio before anyone arrived. Her dedicated work ethic eventually took its toll; in the early 1960s she developed a muscle condition that limited her ability to throw, which impacted her creative production. By the time she retired from Cranbrook in 1966, she had developed the ceramics department into one of the most prominent in the United States. She was responsible for training many leading ceramists, including Jan Sultz, Richard De Vore, John Parker Glick, Howard Kottler, Suzanne Stephenson and John Stephenson, Toshiko Takaezu, and Jeff Schlanger.[3][6]
Awards and Creative Work
Though Maija Grotell faced significant barriers due to being a single woman, she proved to be very successful. In 1929 she received the Diploma di Colabrador at the Barcelona International Exhibition. In 1936 she was the first woman to win a prize in the Ceramic National and in 1938 was named a master craftsman by the Boston Society of the Arts and Crafts. In 1937, she received the silver medal at the Paris International Exhibition. Her work was shown nationally at a time when ceramics were not often exhibited. She continued to participate in the Ceramic National every year between 1933 and 1960. Today her work can be found in many prominent museum's collections, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Museum of Art and Design, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Detroit Art Institute, the Carnegie Museum of Art, the Brooklyn Museum, and the Art Institute of Chicago.
References
- Nabert, Andrea; Steppes, Michael, eds. (2009). Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon: Die bildenden Künstler aller Zeiten und Völker, 63 (in German). München: K. G. Saur. pp. 228–230. ISBN 978-3-598-23030-1.
- List of recipients Archived 2009-10-27 at the Wayback Machine, NCECA
- Koplos, Janet; Metcalf, Bruce (2010). Makers: A History of American Studio Craft. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 159–160. ISBN 978-0-8078-3413-8.
- Schlanger, Jeff; Takaezu, Toshiko (1996). Maija Grotell: Works Which Grow from Belief. Goffstown, New Hampshire: Studio Potter Books. p. 49.
- Gaze, Delia: "Maija Grotell" in Dictionary of Women Artists, Volume 1, pp. 618–619. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1997. ISBN 1-884964-21-4
- "Grotell | The Marks Project". www.themarksproject.org. Retrieved 2018-04-13.
Further reading
- Lynn, Martha Drexler: American Studio Ceramics: Innovation and Identity, 1940 to 1979. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015.
- Koplos, Janet & Metcalf, Bruce: Makers: A History of American Studio Craft. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2010.
- Schlanger, Jeff & Takaezu, Toshiko: Maija Grotell: Works Which Grow from Belief. Goffstown: Studio Potter, 1996. ISBN 0-9652176-2-0
External links
- Maija Grotell Papers. Special Collections Research Center, Syracuse University.
- Ceramics Today. Featured Artist.
- Studio Potter Magazine. Book Review.