Macroethics and microethics

Macroethics (from the Greek prefix "makros-" meaning "large" and "ethos" meaning character) is a term coined in the late 20th century [1] to distinguish large-scale ethics from individual ethics, or microethics. It is a type of applied ethics. Macroethics deals with large-scale issues, often in relation to ethical principles or normative rules to guide action. Pharmaceuticals present particular macroethical challenges. Drug designers seek to prevent and treatment diseases by modifying of stem cells and producing targeting drugs that have specific targeting mechanisms.[2]

Microethics is a term introduced by Paul Komesaroff in 1995 [3] and elaborated in a series of subsequent works [4],[5]. The concept, which draws especially on the work of the philosophers Edmund Husserl[6] and Emmanuel Levinas,[7] is based on the recognition that most ethical decisions in everyday life are not taken on the basis of explicit rational argument or calculation but rather occur in a continuous flux of relationships and dialogues. Often the processes of microethical judgments are intuitive and may even go unrecognised at the time. It is the accumulation of infinitesimal microethical moments that composes the large-scale ethical landscapes in which we live.

For example, in the medical setting of end of life issues, the macroethical considerations may include abstract reflections on the nature of life and death and high level principles about the “sacredness” or otherwise of life, the nature of personhood and the relevance and ethical force of competing consequences. By contrast, the microethical processes relate to the internal details of the interactive engagements between the doctor and the patient, including non-linguistic and affective responses, often signified by small adjustments in facial expressions, posture, tone of voice or choice of words, and the great variety of meanings and values and which both participants call. Macroethics tends to emphasise principles, universal claims and normative rules, while microethics is context-specific and local, and acknowledges the role of modalities of communication and decision-making that go beyond rational argumentation. Macroethics and microethics are complementary and coexist in most ethical settings. Komesaroff has elaborated the dynamics of microethical decision-making in a variety of practical, often intimate, contexts.

Ethical considerations in biomedicine, engineering and other technical professions include issues relating both to large societal problems [8] and to particular professions and professional conduct. Pharmaceuticals present particular macroethical challenges. Drug designers seek to prevent and treatment diseases by modifying of stem cells and producing targeting drugs that have specific targeting mechanisms.[9] However, the application of drugs or other therapeutic techniques also requires specific examination of the needs of individual patients, including their health conditions, their cultural preferences, their personal values and those of their families, and economic and other considerations. The negotiation of these latter considerations occurs within the field of microethics.

If a researcher only acts within the bounds of one's research, i.e. exclusively microethical, the research may still be unacceptable from a societal perspective if it violates macroethical principles. Conversely, purely macroethical considerations are often disengaged from the concrete lifeworlds of ethical subjects and so lack coherence or relevance.

References
  1. Vallero D.A. (2007). Beyond responsible conduct in research: new pedagogies to address macroethics of nanobiotechnologies J Long Term Eff Med Implants. 2007;17(1):1–12.
  2. Herkert, J.R. (2004). Microethics, Macroethics, and Professional Engineering Societies. In National Academy of Engineering, Emerging Technologies and Ethical Issues in Engineering: Papers from a Workshop, October 14–15, 2003. ISBN 978-0-309-09271-5
  3. Komesaroff PA, “From macroethics to microethics”. In Komesaroff PA ed. Troubled Bodies. US, Duke University Press, 1995.
  4. Komesaroff PA, Experiments in love and death. Australia, University of Western Australia Press, 2008
  5. Komesaroff PA, Riding a crocodile: A physician’s tale. Australia, University of Western Australia Press, 2014
  6. Husserl E. Ideas. The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1975
  7. Otherwise than Being or Beyond Essence, translated by Alphonso Lingis, The Hague/Boston/London, M. Nijhoff, 1981
  8. Bassingthwaighte J.B. The macro-ethics of genomics to health: the physiome project. Comptes Rendus Biologies. 2003 Oct–Nov;326(10–11):1105–10.
  9. Herkert, J.R. (2004). Microethics, Macroethics, and Professional Engineering Societies. In National Academy of Engineering, Emerging Technologies and Ethical Issues in Engineering: Papers from a Workshop, October 14–15, 2003. ISBN 978-0-309-09271-5

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