Japanese spider crab

The Japanese spider crab (Macrocheira kaempferi) is a species of marine crab that lives in the waters around Japan. It has the largest leg span of any arthropod. These giants go through three main larval stages along with a prezoeal stage in order to grow to their great size.[2]The genus Macrocheira contains multiple species. Two fossil species belonging to this genus have been found, Macrocheira ginzanensis and Macrocheira yabei, both from the Miocene of Japan.[3][4] The diverse taxonomic history is an important part of what these creatures are and how they evolved to be what they are today. These creatures are not isolated however, as they are the subject of fishery and are considered a delicacy. Conservation efforts are being put forth to protect these creatures and their population from the dangers of overfishing. [5]

Japanese spider crab
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Crustacea
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Decapoda
Infraorder: Brachyura
Family: Inachidae
Genus: Macrocheira
De Haan, 1839
Species:
M. kaempferi
Binomial name
Macrocheira kaempferi
(Temminck, 1836)
Synonyms [1]
  • Maja kaempferi Temminck, 1836
  • Inachus kaempferi (Temminck, 1836)
  • Kaempferia kaempferi (Temminck, 1836)

Description
A Japanese spider crab at the Manila Ocean Park, the Philippines

The Japanese spider crab has the greatest leg span of any arthropod, reaching up to 3.7 metres (12.1 ft) from claw to claw.[6] The body may grow to a size of 40 cm (16 in) in carapace width and the whole crab can weigh up to 19 kilograms (42 lb)[7]—second in mass only to the American lobster among all living arthropod species. The males have the longer chelipeds;[4] females have much shorter chelipeds, which are shorter than the following pair of legs.[3] Apart from its outstanding size, the Japanese spider crab differs from other crabs in a number of ways. The first pleopods of males are unusually twisted, and its larvae appear primitive.[1] The crab is orange with white spots along the legs.[8] It is reported to have a gentle disposition despite its ferocious appearance.[8] The Japanese name for this species is taka-ashi-gani, (japanese: たかあしがに), literally translating to “tall legs crab.” It also has a unique molting behavior that occurs for 103 minutes, in which the crab loses its mobility and starts molting its carapace rear and ends with molting its walking legs.[9] Their armored exoskeletons help protect them from larger predators such as octopuses, but giant spider crabs also use camouflage. The crab's bumpy carapace blends into the rocky ocean floor. To further the illusion, a spider crab will adorn its shell with sponges and other animals.[10] The way in which spider crabs are able to pick up and cover themselves with such organisms is by following a specific routine behavior. Upon picking up the object with the crab’s slender chelipeds, the chelae is used to twist and tear off the organism, such as a worm tube or sponge, from the substrate that it currently resides on.[11] Unlike other species of crab, like the Chilean crab Acanthonyx petiveri, the Japanese spider crab does not specifically look for matching colors to blend into their environment; they simply camouflage in way that disguises their entire structure.[11] This is most likely because Japanese spider crabs are nocturnally active, so instead of trying to disguise themselves when catching prey, they are actually just trying to avoid predators during the night.[11] Once the material is picked up, it is brought to the crabs’ mouthparts to specifically orient and shape it before it is attached to the exoskeleton. Then, through mechanical adhesion and secretions, the materials attach to the crab, and are able to regenerate, and colonize on the crab.[11]

Distribution and habitat

Japanese spider crabs are mostly found off the southern coasts of the Japanese island of Honshū, from Tokyo Bay to Kagoshima Prefecture. Outlying populations have been found in Iwate Prefecture and off Su-ao in Taiwan.[3] Adults can be found at depths between 50 and 600 m (160 and 1,970 ft).[3] They like to inhabit vents and holes in the deeper parts of the ocean.[12] The temperature preference of adults is unknown, but the species is regular at a depth of 300 m (980 ft) in Suruga Bay where the water generally is about 10 °C (50 °F).[13] Based on results from public aquariums, Japanese spider crabs tolerate at least between 6 and 16 °C (43 and 61 °F), but are typically maintained at 10–13 °C (50–55 °F).[13]

Life cycle
This crab specimen from the American Museum of Natural History measures 3.8 metres (12 ft) across its outstretched legs

Female crabs carry the fertilized eggs attached to their abdominal appendages until they hatch into tiny planktonic larvae.[12] They can lay up to 1.5 million eggs per season, and these eggs will hatch in 10 days on average.[5]

Once hatched, these larvae undergo four stages of development before they mature into adulthood.[2] The first, or prezoeal stage lasts only a matter of minutes, with most molting within 15 minutes to enter the first zoeal stage.[14] They look very different than their parents at this stage, with small and transparent bodies. Macrocheira Kaempferi undergoes two zoeal stages and a megalopa stage before it reaches adulthood.[2] Each of these stages is influenced greatly by temperature, both in terms of survival and stage length. It is thought that the optimum rearing temperature for all larval stages is be between 15°C-18°C, with survival temperatures ranging from 11°C-20°C.[15] At these temperatures the zoeal stages can last anywhere from 7 to 18 days, with the megalopa stage lasting anywhere from 25 to 45 days.[15] Colder water is associated with longer durations in each stage. During the larval stages, Macrocheira kaempferi is found near the surface as it the planktonic forms drift with ocean currents.[15] This surface water ranges between 12°C and 15°C during the hatching season (January to March).[16] This is much warmer than the waters at depths below 200m where adults are found, with waters steadily around 10°C. Optimal temperatures see a 70% survival though the first zoeal stage which is greatly reduced to a 30% survival in the second zoeal and Megalopa stages. [15]

The Japanese spider crab is an omnivore, consuming both plant matter and animals. It also sometimes acts as a scavenger consuming dead animals. Some have been known to scrape the ocean floor for plants and algae while others pry open the shells of mollusks.[8][12] They live at depths of 150–300 metres (490–980 ft) or more.[17] The giant spider crabs migrate up to a depth of around 50 metres (160 ft) during breeding season.[17]

Taxonomic history

The Japanese spider crab was originally described by Western science in 1836 by Coenraad Jacob Temminck under the name Maja kaempferi, based on material from Philipp Franz von Siebold collected near the artificial island Dejima.[18] The specific epithet commemorates Engelbert Kaempfer, a German naturalist who lived in Japan from 1690 to 1692 and wrote about the country's natural history.[19] It was moved to the genus Inachus by Wilhem de Haan in 1839, but placed in a new subgenus, Macrocheira. That subgenus was raised to the rank of genus in 1886 by Edward J. Miers.[1] Placed in the family Inachidae, M. kaempferi does not fit cleanly into that group, and it may be necessary to erect a new family just for the genus Macrocheira.[1] As well as the single extant species, four species belonging to the genus Macrocheira are known from fossils:[20][21]

  • Macrocheira sp. – Pliocene Takanabe Formation, Japan
  • M. ginzanensis – Miocene Ginzan Formation, Japan
  • M. yabei – Miocene Yonekawa Formation, Japan
  • M. teglandi – Oligocene, east of Twin River, Washington, United States

However, there is still evidence that the Macrocheira genus does come from this family in some way due to its anatomical arrangements. This genus has a closely related anatomical arrangement as the genus Oncinopus which seems to preserve the earliest stage of anatomical evolution in the Inachidae family. The Onicinopus genus has a semi-hardened body which allows the basal segment of the antennae, which articulates with the head capsule, to move. [22] The antennulae which are segmented appendages between and below the eye stalks are connected to each other. [22] Like Oncinopus, the Macrocheira genus also has a seven segmented abdomen and a basal segment of antennae that is mobile, Macrocheira also has orbital parts, the eye socket and features around it, that are similar to differentiated genera. Another differentiating feature is the supraorbital eave. [22] It is part of the orbital region above the eyestalks. It projects laterally and becomes part of the spine. From the anatomical observations of this genus and others in the Inachidae family, it has been concluded that Macrochiera is in the family Inachidae, descending from the Oncinpus genus and from it descending the Oreconia, Parapleisticantha and Pleistincantha genera. [22]

Anatomy

Macrocheira kaempferi is a giant crab with a pear-shaped carapace that is 350 mm when measured on the median line. [22] Its surface is covered in small like projections or tubercles. The spine of an adult giant crab is short and curves outward at the tip. On the other hand, the spines in young giant crabs are long compared to their carapace, along with a non-curved spine. [22] This proportionality explains, as in other Decapod Crustaceans, that spine size decreases as specimens grow older. [22] As mentioned in the taxonomic section, this genus contains the family's primitive feature of a movable antenna at the basal segment. However, "the development of a spine at the posterior angle of the supraocular eave, and the presence of intercalated spine and antennulary septum seem to attribute a rather high position to this genus." Lastly, there are differences between the sexes. Adult males have very long front legs where the claws are located, but they are still shorter than the ambulatory legs of females, located in the back of the carapace and are used to move. [22]  

Fishery and conservation

Temminck, in his original description, noted that the crab was known to the Japanese for the serious injuries it can cause with its strong claws.[4] The Japanese spider crab is "occasionally collected for food,"[23] and even considered a delicacy in many parts of Japan and other areas in the region.[12][17] A total of 24.7 tonnes (54,000 lb) were collected in 1976, but only 3.2 tonnes (7,100 lb) in 1985.[15] The fishery is centred on Suruga Bay. The crabs are typically caught using small trawling nets.[17] The population has decreased in number due to overfishing, forcing fishermen into exploring deeper waters to catch them. The average size caught by fishermen is a leg span of 1.0–1.2 m (3 ft 3 in–3 ft 11 in).[18] Populations of this species of crab have diminished over recent years and there are many efforts to protect them.[17] One of the primary methods of recovery of the species being utilized is restocking artificially cultured juvenile crabs in fisheries.[15] Additionally, laws have been put into place in Japan which prohibit fishermen from harvesting spider crabs from January through April, which is during typical mating season when they are in shallower waters, and are more vulnerable to being caught.[17] This is a protection method that seeks to keep natural populations growing, and enables time for juvenile spider crabs to go through the early stages of their life cycle.[17]

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See also

References
  1. Peter K. L. Ng, Danièle Guinot & Peter J. F. Davie (2008). "Systema Brachyurorum: Part I. An annotated checklist of extant Brachyuran crabs of the world" (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 17: 1–286. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-06.
  2. Clark, Paul F.; Webber, W. Richard (October 1991). "A redescription of Macrocheira kaempferi (Temminck, 1836) zoeas with a discussion of the classification of the Majoidea Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Brachyura)". Journal of Natural History. 25 (5): 1259–1279. doi:10.1080/00222939100770781. ISSN 0022-2933.
  3. "Macrocheira kaempferi". Crabs of Japan. Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved March 29, 2010.
  4. G. F. Mees (1957). "Over het belang van Temminck's "Discours Préliminaire" voor de zoologische nomenclatuur" [On the importance of Temminck's "Discours Préliminaire" for zoological nomenclature]. Zoologische Mededelingen (in Dutch). 35 (15): 205–227. on dit, que ce Crustacé est redouté des habitants par les , qu'il est en état de faire au moyen de ses fortes serres
  5. Riebel, William. "Macrocheira kaempferi". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2020-03-09.
  6. McClain, Craig R.; Balk, Meghan A.; Benfield, Mark C.; Branch, Trevor A.; Chen, Catherine; Cosgrove, James; Dove, Alistair D.M.; Gaskins, Lindsay C.; Helm, Rebecca R. (2015-01-13). "Sizing ocean giants: patterns of intraspecific size variation in marine megafauna". PeerJ. 3: e715. doi:10.7717/peerj.715. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 4304853. PMID 25649000.
  7. Maurice Burton & Robert Burton (2002). "Spider crab". International Wildlife Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). Marshall Cavendish. pp. 2475–2476. ISBN 978-0-7614-7266-7.
  8. "Japanese Spider Crabs Arrive at Aquarium". Oregon Coast Aquarium. Retrieved March 29, 2010.
  9. Okamoto, Kazutoshi (05-01-2009). "Molting behavior of the giant spider crab, Macrocheira kaempferi in captivity" (PDF). Bulletin of Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Fishery. Iss. 43: 67–70 – via Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 1: Biological Sciences & Living Resources. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. Aquarium, Tennessee. "Giant Japanese Spider Crab – Tennessee Aquarium". www.tnaqua.org. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  11. Wicksten, Mary K. (1993). "A Review and a Model of Decorating Behavior in Spider Crabs (Decapoda, Brachyura, Majidae)". Crustaceana. 64 (3): 314–325. doi:10.1163/156854093X00667. ISSN 0011-216X. JSTOR 20104855.
  12. "Japanese Spider Crab". Georgia Aquarium. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
  13. "Japanese Spider Crab Care Manual" (PDF). AZA Aquatic Invertebrate Taxon Advisory Group. Silver Spring, MD: Association of Zoos and Aquariums. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  14. Okamoto, Kazutoshi (1995). "Prezoeal Stage of Giant Spider Crab Macrocheira kaempferi (Crustacea, Decapoda, Majidae)". Fisheries Science. 61 (1): 161–162. doi:10.2331/fishsci.61.161. ISSN 0919-9268.
  15. Kazutoshi Okamoto (1993). "Influence of temperature on survival and growth of larvae of the giant spider crab Macrocheira kaempferi (Crustacea, Decapoda, Majidae)" (PDF). Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. 59 (3): 419–424. doi:10.2331/suisan.59.419. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22.
  16. Riebel, W. (2011). "Macrocheira kaempferi". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  17. "Giant Japanese Spider Crab". The Tennessee Aquarium. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
  18. "The Japanese Giant Spider Crab – Macrocheira kaempferi – Taka-ahi-gani". Natural Art. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011. Retrieved March 29, 2010.
  19. Hans G. Hansson. "Engelberg Kaempfer". Biographical Etymology of Marine Organism Names. Göteborgs Universitet. Retrieved March 29, 2010.
  20. De Grave, Sammy; Pentcheff, N. Dean; Ahyong, Shane T.; et al. (2009). "A classification of living and fossil genera of decapod crustaceans" (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. Suppl. 21: 1–109. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-06.
  21. Macrocheira at Fossilworks.org
  22. Sakai, K. (1987). "Tune Sakai (1903-1986)". Crustaceana. 53 (2): 205–209. doi:10.1163/156854087X00826. ISSN 0011-216X. JSTOR 20104298.
  23. Kent E. Carpenter & Volker H. Niem, ed. (1998). "Majidae" (PDF). The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 2: Cephalopods, crustaceans, holothurians and sharks. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Food and Agriculture Organization. pp. 1136–1137. ISBN 92-5-104052-4.
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