Mabel Normand

Amabel Ethelreid Normand (November 10, 1892[1][2] – February 23, 1930) was an American silent-film actress, screenwriter, director, and producer. She was a popular star and collaborator of Mack Sennett in his Keystone Studios[3] films, and at the height of her career in the late 1910s and early 1920s had her own movie studio and production company.[4] Onscreen, she appeared in 12 successful films with Charlie Chaplin and 17 with Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle, sometimes writing and directing (or co-writing/directing) movies featuring Chaplin as her leading man.[5]

Mabel Normand
Normand in 1916
Born	Amabel Ethelreid Normand (1892-11-10)November 10, 1892 New Brighton, Staten Island, New York, U.S.
Died	February 23, 1930(1930-02-23) (aged 37) Monrovia, California, U.S.
Resting place	Calvary Cemetery, Los Angeles
Nationality	American
Other names	Mabel Normand-Cody, Muriel Fortescue
Occupation	Actress, director, screenwriter, producer
Years active	1910–1927
Spouse(s)	Lew Cody ( m. 1926)

Throughout the 1920s, her name was linked with widely publicized scandals, including the 1922 murder of William Desmond Taylor and the 1924 shooting of Courtland S. Dines, who was shot by Normand's chauffeur using her pistol. She was a suspect in the first crime for a short period, but disregarded from the latter. Her film career declined, and she suffered a recurrence of tuberculosis in 1923, which led to a decline in her health, retirement from films, and her death in 1930 at age 37.[6][7]

Early life and career

Born Amabel Ethelreid Normand in New Brighton, Richmond County, New York (before it was incorporated into New York City), she grew up in a working-class family. Her mother, Mary "Minne" Drury, of Providence, Rhode Island,[8] was of Irish heritage, while her father was French Canadian.[9] Her father, Clodman "Claude" Normand, was employed as a cabinetmaker and stage carpenter at Sailors' Snug Harbor home for elderly seamen. She had 5 siblings.[10]

Before she entered films at age 16 in 1909, Normand worked as an artist's model, which included posing for postcards illustrated by Charles Dana Gibson, creator of the Gibson Girl image, as well as for Butterick's clothing pattern manufacturers in lower Manhattan.

For a short time, she worked for Vitagraph Studios in New York City for $25 per week, but Vitagraph founder Albert E. Smith admitted she was one of several actresses about whom he made a mistake in estimating their "potential for future stardom."[11]

Who's Who in the Film World, 1914

Her lead performance, directed by D. W. Griffith in the dramatic 1911 short film Her Awakening, drew attention and she met director Mack Sennett while at Griffith's Biograph Company. She embarked on a topsy-turvy relationship with him; he later brought her across to California when he founded Keystone Studios in 1912. Her earlier Keystone films portrayed her as a bathing beauty, but Normand quickly demonstrated a flair for comedy and became a major star of Sennett's short films.

Normand appeared with Charles Chaplin and Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle in many short films. She is credited as being the first film star to receive a pie thrown in the face.[12]

She played a key role in starting Chaplin's film career and acted as his leading lady and mentor in a string of films in 1914, sometimes co-writing and directing or co-directing films with him. Chaplin had considerable initial difficulty adjusting to the demands of film acting, and his performance suffered for it. After his first film appearance in Making a Living, Sennett felt he had made a costly mistake.[13]

Most historians agree Normand persuaded Sennett to give Chaplin another chance,[14] and she and Chaplin appeared together in a dozen subsequent films, almost always as a couple in the lead roles. In 1914, she starred with Marie Dressler and Chaplin in Tillie's Punctured Romance, the first feature-length comedy. Earlier that same year, in January/February, Chaplin first played his Tramp character in Mabel's Strange Predicament, although it wound up being the second Tramp film released; Chaplin offered a detailed account of his experience on the film in his autobiography.[15] Normand directed Chaplin and herself in the film.

A 1917 trading card

She opened her own company in partnership with Mack Sennett 1916. It was based in Culver City and was a subsidiary of the Triangle Film Corporation. She lost the company in 1918 when Triangle experienced a massive shake up which also had Sennett lose Keystone and establish his own independent studio. In 1918, as her relationship with Sennett came to an end, Normand signed a $3,500-per-week contract with Samuel Goldwyn. Around that same time, Normand allegedly had a miscarriage with Goldwyn's child.[16][17]

A 1918 portrait

Scandals

The Roscoe Arbuckle trials

Normand's co-star in many films, Roscoe Arbuckle, was the defendant in three widely publicized trials for manslaughter in the 1921 death of actress Virginia Rappe. Although Arbuckle was acquitted, the scandal destroyed his career, and his films were banned from exhibition for a short time. Since she had made some of her best works with him, much of Normand's output was withheld from the public as a result. Arbuckle later returned to the screen as a director and actor but didn't attain his previous popularity despite being innocent and exonerated in court.

Taylor's murder

Photoplay, 1921

Director William Desmond Taylor shared her interest in books, and the two formed a close relationship. Author Robert Giroux claims that Taylor was deeply in love with Normand, who had originally approached him for help in curing her alleged cocaine dependency. According to Normand's subsequent statements to investigators, her repeated relapses were devastating for Taylor.

Giroux says that Taylor met with federal prosecutors shortly before his death and offered to assist them in filing charges against Normand's cocaine suppliers. Giroux expresses a belief that Normand's suppliers learned of this meeting and hired a contract killer to murder the director. According to Giroux, Normand suspected the reasons for Taylor's murder, but did not know the identity of the man who killed him.[18]

According to Kevin Brownlow and John Kobal in their book Hollywood: The Pioneers, the idea that Taylor was murdered by drug dealers was invented by the studio for publicity purposes.[19]

On the night of his murder, February 1, 1922, Normand left Taylor's bungalow at 7:45 pm in a happy mood, carrying a book he had lent her. They blew kisses to each other as her limousine drove away. Normand was the last person known to have seen Taylor alive. The Los Angeles Police Department subjected Normand to a grueling interrogation, but ruled her out as a suspect.[20] Most subsequent writers have done the same. However, Normand's career had already slowed, and her reputation was tarnished. According to George Hopkins, who sat next to her at Taylor's funeral, Normand wept inconsolably.[21]

The Dines shooting

In 1924, Normand's chauffeur Joe Kelly shot and wounded millionaire oil broker and amateur golfer Courtland S. Dines with her pistol.[22][23]

Later career and death

Normand in 1924

Normand continued making films and was signed by Hal Roach Studios in 1926 after discussions with director/producer F. Richard Jones, who had directed her at Keystone. At Roach, she made the films Raggedy Rose, The Nickel-Hopper, and One Hour Married (her last film), all co-written by Stan Laurel, and was directed by Leo McCarey in Should Men Walk Home? The films were released with extensive publicity support from the Hollywood community, including her friend Mary Pickford.

Normand's crypt at Calvary Cemetery

In 1926, she married actor Lew Cody, with whom she had appeared in Mickey in 1918.[24] They lived separately in nearby houses in Beverly Hills. However, Normand's health was in decline due to tuberculosis. After an extended stay in Pottenger Sanitorium, she died from tuberculosis on February 23, 1930 in Monrovia, California, at the age of 37.[25] She was interred as Mabel Normand-Cody at Calvary Cemetery, Los Angeles.

Legacy

With Charles Chaplin and Marie Dressler in Tillie's Punctured Romance (1914)

Mabel Normand has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contributions to motion pictures at 6821 Hollywood Boulevard.

Her film Mabel's Blunder (1914) was added to the National Film Registry in December 2009.[26]

In June 2010, the New Zealand Film Archive reported the discovery of a print of Normand's film Won in a Closet (exhibited in New Zealand under its alternate title Won in a Cupboard), a short comedy previously believed lost. This film is a significant discovery, as Normand directed the movie and starred in the lead role, displaying her talents on both sides of the camera.[27]

Cultural references

Moviegoers Roscoe Arbuckle and Mack Sennett (foreground) argue while watching Normand onscreen in Mabel's Dramatic Career (1913)

Normand, Sennett, and Chaplin in The Fatal Mallet (1914)

• A nod to Normand's celebrity in early Hollywood came through the name of a leading character in the 1950 film Sunset Boulevard, "Norma Desmond", which has been cited as a combination of the names Norma Talmadge and William Desmond Taylor. The film also frequently mentions Normand by name.[28][29]
• The 1974 Broadway musical Mack & Mabel (Michael Stewart and Jerry Herman) fictionalized the romance between Normand and Mack Sennett. Normand was played by Bernadette Peters and Robert Preston portrayed Mack Sennett.
• "Hello Mabel" is a song by the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band released in England on their second album The Doughnut in Granny's Greenhouse (released as Urban Spaceman in the US.) in November 1968.
• Normand is mentioned during series 2 episode 1 of Downton Abbey by ambitious housemaid Ethel Parks. Daisy Mason (née Robinson), the kitchen maid, inquires what she is reading and Ethel responds, "Photoplay about Mabel Normand. She was nothing when she started, you know. Her father was a carpenter and they'd no money, and now she's a shining film star."[30]
• Singer/songwriter Stevie Nicks wrote a song about the actress entitled "Mabel Normand", which appears on her 2014 album, 24 Karat Gold: Songs from the Vault.

Fictional portrayals

Normand is played by actress Marisa Tomei in the 1992 film Chaplin opposite Robert Downey, Jr. as Charles Chaplin; by Penelope Lagos in the first biopic about Normand's life, a 35-minute dramatic short film entitled Madcap Mabel (2010); and by Morganne Picard in the motion picture Return to Babylon (2013).

In 2014, Normand was played on television by Andrea Deck in series 2, episode 8 of Mr Selfridge and by Kristina Thompson in the short film Mabel's Dressing Room.[31][32]

Filmography

Some of her early roles are credited as "Mabel Fortesque".[33]

Short films

Year	Film	Role	Director	Co-Star	Notes
1910	Indiscretions of Betty				Unknown/presumably lost
1910	Over the Garden Wall
1911	Fate's Turning		D. W. Griffith
1911	The Diamond Star
1911	A Tale of Two Cities		William J. Humphrey
1911	Betty Becomes a Maid	Betty
1911	Troublesome Secretaries	Betty Harding	Ralph Ince
1911	Picciola; or, The Prison Flower	Theresa Girhardi
1911	His Mother
1911	When a Man's Married His Trouble Begins
1911	A Dead Man's Honor	Helen
1911	The Changing of Silas Warner
1911	Two Overcoats
1911	The Subduing of Mrs. Nag	Miss Prue
1911	The Strategy of Anne
1911	The Diving Girl	The Niece
1911	How Betty Won the School	Betty's Rival
1911	The Baron		Mack Sennett
1911	The Squaw's Love		D. W. Griffith
1911	The Revenue Man and the Girl		D. W. Griffith
1911	Her Awakening	The Daughter	D. W. Griffith	Harry Hyde
1911	The Making of a Man		D. W. Griffith
1911	Italian Blood		D. W. Griffith
1911	The Unveiling		D. W. Griffith
1911	Through His Wife's Picture		Mack Sennett
1911	The Inventor's Secret		Mack Sennett
1911	Their First Divorce Case		Mack Sennett
1911	A Victim of Circumstances		Mack Sennett
1911	Why He Gave Up	The Wife	Henry Lehrman Mack Sennett	Fred Mace
1911	Saved from Himself		D. W. Griffith
1912	The Joke on the Joker		Mack Sennett
1912	The Eternal Mother	Mary	D. W. Griffith	Edwin August Blanche Sweet
1912	Did Mother Get Her Wish?	Nellie	Mack Sennett
1912	The Mender of Nets		D. W. Griffith	Mary Pickford
1912	The Fatal Chocolate		Mack Sennett
1912	The Engagement Ring	Alice	Mack Sennett
1912	A Spanish Dilemma		Mack Sennett
1912	Hot Stuff		Mack Sennett	Mack Sennett
1912	A Voice from the Deep		Mack Sennett
1912	Oh, Those Eyes	Gladys	Mack Sennett
1912	Help! Help!	Mrs. Suburbanite	Mack Sennett	Fred Mace
1912	The Water Nymph	Diving Venus	Mack Sennett	Mack Sennett Ford Sterling	Alternative title: The Beach Flirt First Keystone comedy
1912	The Flirting Husband		Mack Sennett	Ford Sterling
1912	Mabel's Lovers	Mabel	Mack Sennett	Fred Mace Ford Sterling
1912	At Coney Island		Mack Sennett	Ford Sterling Fred Mace	Alternative title: Cohen at Coney Island'
1912	Mabel's Adventures	Mabel	Mack Sennett	Fred Mace Ford Sterling
1913	The Bangville Police	Farm Girl	Henry Lehrman	Fred Mace the Keystone Cops
1913	A Noise from the Deep	Mabel	Mack Sennett	Roscoe Arbuckle the Keystone Cops
1913	A Little Hero		George Nichols	Harold Lloyd
1913	Mabel's Awful Mistakes	Mabel	Mack Sennett	Mack Sennett Ford Sterling	Alternative title: Her Deceitful Lover
1913	Passions, He Had Three		Henry Lehrman	Roscoe Arbuckle	Alternative title: He Had Three
1913	For the Love of Mabel	Mabel	Henry Lehrman	Roscoe Arbuckle Ford Sterling
1913	Mabel's Dramatic Career	Mabel, the kitchen maid	Mack Sennett	Mack Sennett Ford Sterling	Alternative title: Her Dramatic Debut'
1913	The Gypsy Queen		Mack Sennett	Roscoe Arbuckle
1913	Cohen Saves the Flag	Rebecca	Mack Sennett	Ford Sterling
1914	Mabel's Stormy Love Affair	Mabel	Mabel Normand
1914	Won in a Closet[34]		Mabel Normand		Alternative title: Won in a Cupboard
1914	In the Clutches of the Gang			Roscoe Arbuckle Keystone Cops	Lost film
1914	Mack at It Again		Mack Sennett	Mack Sennett
1914	Mabel's Strange Predicament	Mabel	Mabel Normand	Charles Chaplin	Alternative title: Hotel Mixup First film with Chaplin as the Tramp although the second released.
1914	Mabel's Blunder	Mabel	Mabel Normand	Charley Chase Al St. John	Added to the National Film Registry in 2009[26]
1914	A Film Johnnie	Mabel	George Nichols	Charles Chaplin Roscoe Arbuckle
1914	Mabel at the Wheel	Mabel	Mabel Normans Mack Sennett	Charles Chaplin
1914	Caught in a Cabaret	Mabel	Mabel Normand	Charles Chaplin	Writer
1914	Mabel's Nerve	Mabel	George Nichols
1914	The Alarm		Roscoe Arbuckle Edward Dillon	Roscoe Arbuckle Minta Durfee	Alternative title: Fireman's Picnic
1914	Her Friend the Bandit	Mabel	Mabel Normand Charles Chaplin	Charles Chaplin	Lost film
1914	The Fatal Mallet	Mabel	Mack Sennett	Charles Chaplin Mack Sennett
1914	Mabel's Busy Day	Mabel	Mabel Normand	Charles Chaplin Chester Conklin	Writer
1914	Mabel's Married Life	Mabel	Charles Chaplin	Charles Chaplin	Co-written by Normand and Chaplin
1914	Mabel's New Job	Mabel	Mabel Normand George Nichols	Chester Conklin Charley Chase	Writer
1914	The Sky Pirate			Roscoe Arbuckle Minta Durfee
1914	The Masquerader	Actress	Charles Chaplin		Uncredited
1914	Mabel's Latest Prank	Mabel	Mabel Normand Mack Sennett	Mack Sennett Hank Mann	Alternative title: Touch of Rheumatism
1914	Hello, Mabel	Mabel	Mabel Normand	Charley Chase Minta Durfee	Alternative title: On a Busy Wire
1914	Gentlemen of Nerve	Mabel	Charles Chaplin	Charles Chaplin Chester Conklin	Alternative titles: Charlie at the Races Some Nerve
1914	His Trysting Place	Mabel, The Wife	Charles Chaplin	Charles Chaplin
1914	Shotguns That Kick		Roscoe Arbuckle	Roscoe Arbuckle Al St. John
1914	Getting Acquainted	Ambrose's Wife	Charles Chaplin	Charles Chaplin Phyllis Allen
1915	Mabel and Fatty's Wash Day	Mabel	Roscoe Arbuckle	Roscoe Arbuckle
1915	Mabel and Fatty's Simple Life	Mabel	Roscoe Arbuckle	Roscoe Arbuckle	Alternative title: Mabel and Fatty's Simple Life
1915	Mabel and Fatty Viewing the World's Fair at San Francisco	Mabel	Mabel Normand Roscoe Arbuckle	Roscoe Arbuckle
1915	Mabel and Fatty's Married Life	Mabel	Roscoe Arbuckle	Roscoe Arbuckle
1915	That Little Band of Gold	Wifey	Roscoe Arbuckle		Uncredited Alternative title: For Better or Worse
1915	Wished on Mabel	Mabel	Mabel Normand	Roscoe Arbuckle
1915	Mabel's Wilful Way	Mabel	Roscoe Arbuckle	Roscoe Arbuckle
1915	Mabel Lost and Won	Mabel	Mabel Normand	Owen Moore Mack Swain
1915	The Little Teacher	The Little Teacher	Mack Sennett	Roscoe Arbuckle, Mack Sennett	Alternative title: A Small Town Bully
1916	Fatty and Mabel Adrift	Mabel	Roscoe Arbuckle	Roscoe Arbuckle Al St. John	Alternative title: Concrete Biscuits
1916	He Did and He Didn't	The Doctor's Wife	Roscoe Arbuckle	Roscoe Arbuckle Al St. John
1926	The Nickel-Hopper	Paddy, the nickel hopper	F. Richard Jones Hal Yates
1927	Should Men Walk Home?	The Girl Bandit	Leo McCarey	Eugene Pallette Oliver Hardy
1927	One Hour Married		Jerome Strong	Creighton Hale James Finlayson

Feature films

Year	Film	Role	Director	Co-Star	Notes
1914	Tillie's Punctured Romance	Mabel	Mack Sennett	Marie Dressler Charles Chaplin	Feature-Length film First feature-length comedy
1918	Dodging a Million	Arabella Flynn	George Loane Tucker	Tom Moore
1918	The Floor Below	Patricia O'Rourke	Clarence G. Badger	Tom Moore
1918	Joan of Plattsburg	Joan	George Loane Tucker
1918	Back to the Woods	Stephanie Trent	George Irving	Herbert Rawlinson
1918	Peck's Bad Girl	Minnie Penelope Peck	Charles Giblyn	Earle Foxe
1918	The Venus Model	Kitty O'Brien	Clarence G. Badger	Rod La Rocque	Feature-length film, unknown/presumably lost
1918	A Perfect 36	Mabel	Charles Giblyn	Rod La Rocque	Feature-length film
1918	Mickey	Mickey	F. Richard Jones James Young		Feature-length film
1919	Sis Hopkins	Sis Hopkins	Clarence G. Badger	John Bowers	Feature-length film
1919	When Doctors Disagree	Millie Martin	Victor Schertzinger	Walter Hiers	Feature-length film
1919	Upstairs	Elsie MacFarland	Victor Schertzinger	Cullen Landis	Feature-length film
1919	Jinx	The Jinx	Victor Schertzinger		Feature-length film, unknown/presumably lost
1919	The Pest	Jigs	Christy Cabanne		Feature-length film, lost
1920	Pinto	Pinto	Victor Schertzinger	Cullen Landis	Feature-length film
1920	What Happened to Rosa	Rosa	Victor Schertzinger		Feature-length film
1920	The Slim Princess	Princess Kalora	Victor Schertzinger	Tully Marshall	Feature-length film
1921	Molly O'	Molly O'	F. Richard Jones	George Nichols	Feature-length film
1922	Oh, Mabel Behave	Innkeeper's Daughter	Mack Sennett	Mack Sennett Ford Sterling
1922	Head Over Heels	Tina	Paul Bern Victor Schertzinger	Raymond Hatton Adolphe Menjou	Feature-length film
1923	Suzanna	Suzanna	F. Richard Jones	George Nichols	Feature-length film, incomplete (two reels are missing)
1923	The Extra Girl	Sue Graham	F. Richard Jones	George Nichols	Feature-length film
1926	Raggedy Rose	Raggedy Rose	Richard Wallace	Carl Miller Max Davidson

References

Notes

1. Lefler, Timothy Dean (March 23, 2016). Mabel Normand: The Life and Career of a Hollywood Madcap. ISBN 9780786478675.
2. Jaley (?), Thomas (June 5, 1910). 1910 USA Census Card. Census of the United States, State of New York, Borough of Richmond, Supervisor's District No. 2, Enumeration District 583, Sheet #8.
3. Harper Fussell 1992, pp. 50–52.
4. Harper Fussell 1992, pp. 71–73.
5. Harper Fussell 1992, pp. 64–70.
6. cite magazine article Films in Review September 1974 Mabel Normand A grand Nephew's Memoir Normand, Stephen
7. Ward Mahar, Karen (2006). Women Filmmakers in Early Hollywood. JHU Press. p. 131. ISBN 0-8018-8436-5.
8. Rhode Island State Census, 1875
9. Sherman, William Thomas. "Mabel Normand: An Introductory Biography". mm-hp.com. Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
10. "Mabel Normand".
11. Smith, Albert E. in collaboration with Phil A. Koury, "Two Reels And A Crank", Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1952.
12. "Mabel Normand Web Page"
13. Chaplin, Charles (1964). My Autobiography. Penguin. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-14-101147-9.
14. Harper Fussell 1992, pp. 70–71.
15. Chaplin, Charles (2003) [1964]. My Autobiography. London: Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-101147-5.
16. Higham, Charles (February 22, 2006). Murder in Hollywood: Solving a Silent Screen Mystery. ISBN 9780299203641.
17. "Unborn Premature".
18. Robert Giroux, A Deed of Death: The Story Behind the Unsolved Murder of Hollywood Director William Desmond Taylor, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1990.
19. Brown low and Kobal, Kevin and John (1979). Hollywood The Pioneers. New York: Alfred A Knopf. p. 111. ISBN 0394508513.
20. "Press Film Star For Taylor Clew; Police Conduct 'Long And Grueling' Examination, Working on Jealousy Motive. Mabel Normand Speaks Tells Reporters Affection For Slain Director Was Based on Comradeship, Not 'Love.'". NYTimes.com. New York: New York Times. February 7, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2010. A motion picture actress was subjected to what the police termed a "long and grueling" examination at her home here tonight in an attempt to obtain a clew to the murderer of William Desmond Taylor.
21. Giroux (1990), p. 236.
22. Milton, Joyce (1998). Tramp: The Life of Charlie Chaplin. Da Capo Press. p. 221. ISBN 0-306-80831-5.
23. Basinger 2000, p. 92.
24. McCaffrey, Donald W.; Jacobs, Christopher P. (1999). Guide To the Silent Years of American Cinema. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 84. ISBN 0-313-30345-2.
25. Vogel, Michelle (2007). Olive Thomas: The Life and Death of a Silent Film Beauty. McFarland. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-7864-2908-0.
26. "Thriller and 24 Other Films Named to National Film Registry", Associated Press via Yahoo News (December 30, 2009) Archived January 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
27. "A Happy Homecoming For Long-Lost Silent Films". NPR. April 16, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
28. "Taylorology" (about William D. Taylor & era), (literateweb.com), September 2003, webpage: LitWeb-WDTaylor.
29. Staggs, Sam: Close-up on Sunset Boulevard: Billy Wilder, Norma Desmond and the Dark Hollywood Dream. St. Martin's Griffin Books, 2002
30. "Downton Abbey: Episode 2x01, Part One". October 21, 2011.
31. Spicer, Megan (January 2, 2014). "Darien yard transformed into Keystone lot for short film". Darien News. Bridgeport, CT. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
32. Hennessy, Christina (June 3, 2014). "Darien-filmed short spotlights cinematic pioneer Mabel Norman". Hearst CT News Blogs. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
33. Denise Lowe (2005). An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Women in Early American Films, 1895-1930. Psychology Press. pp. 406. ISBN 978-0-7890-1843-4.
34. Kehr, Dave (June 6, 2010). "Trove of Long-Lost Silent Films Returns to America". NYTimes.com. New York: New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2010.

Further reading

• Basinger, Jeanine (2000). Silent Stars. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-8195-6451-1. Retrieved July 29, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Harper Fussell, Betty (1992). Mabel: Hollywood's First I-Don't-Care Girl (Illustrated ed.). Limelight Editions. ISBN 978-0-87910-158-9. Retrieved July 29, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Sherman, William Thomas (2006). Mabel Normand: A Source Book to Her Life and Films
• Normand, Stephen (1974). Films in Review September Issue: Mabel Normand - A Grand Nephew's Memoir
• Lefler, Timothy Dean (2016). Mabel Normand: The Life and Career of a Hollywood Madcap. ISBN 978-0-7864-7867-5

External links

• Mabel Normand on IMDb
• Mabel Normand at the TCM Movie Database
• Mabel Normand at Find a Grave
• Mabel Normand at the Women Film Pioneers Project
• Madcap Mabel: Mabel Normand Website
• Mabel Normand Source Book (pdf file)
• Stephen Normand's website
• Bibliography
• Looking for Mabel Normand
• Mabel Normand Home Page
• Films of Mabel Normand on YouTube (playlist)