Lyctus

Lyctus or Lyttos (Greek: Λύκτος or Λύττος), was one of the most considerable cities in ancient Crete, which appears in the Homeric catalogue.[1] Lyttos is now a village in the municipality of Minoa Pediada.

For the beetle genus, see Lyctus (beetle).

Marble portrait of the Roman Emperor Trajan (98-117 AD), found at Lyctus. Archeological Museum of Iraklio

The bouleuterion of Lyttos

Lyctus in mythology

According to Hesiod, Theogony (477-484), Rhea gave birth to Zeus in Lyctus and hid him in a cave of Mount Aegaeon. The inhabitants of this ancient Doric city called themselves colonists of Sparta,[2] and the worship of Apollo appears to have prevailed there.[3]

History

According to Polybius, Lyctus was the oldest city on Crete.[4]

In the Mortuary Temple of Amenhotep III (1391–1353 BC), there is a list of Aegean place names; Lyctus is mentioned under the name Rikata.[5]

According to some scholars, the name was mentioned in Linear B texts as ru-ki-to.[6]

In 344 BC, Phalaecus the Phocis assisted the Knossians against their neighbors the Lyctians, and took the city of Lyctus, from which he was driven out by Archidamus, king of Sparta.[7] The Lyctians, at a still later period, were engaged in frequent hostilities with Knossos, and succeeded in creating a formidable party in the island against that city. During the Lyttian War in 220 BC the Knossians, taking advantage of their absence on a distant expedition, surprised Lyctus, and utterly destroyed it. The citizens, on their return, abandoned it, and found refuge at Lampa. Polybius,[8] on this occasion, bears testimony to the high character of the Lyctians, as compared with their countrymen. They afterwards recovered their city by the aid of the Gortynians, who gave them a place called Diatonium, which they had taken from the Knossians.[9]

Lyctus was sacked by the Roman general Metellus,[10] but was existing in the time of Strabo[11] at a distance of 80 stadia (15 km) from the Libyan Sea.[12] The site still bears the name of Lytto, where ancient remains are now found.[13]

In the 16th century, Venetian manuscripts[14] describe the walls of the ancient city, with circular bastions, and other fortifications, as existing upon a lofty mountain, nearly in the centre of the island. Numerous vestiges of ancient structures, tombs, and broken marbles, are seen, as well as an immense arch of an aqueduct, by which the water was carried across a deep valley by means of a large marble channel.

The harbor of Chersonesos served as the port for Lyctus trade.

The town of Arsinoe belonged to Lyctos during the Hellenistic period, according to Stephanus of Byzantium, although its location is far from certain. Some scholars locate this Arsinoe (Crete) at the site of the older city of Rhithymna (although it is rather far from Lyctos). Others place it near the village of Malia, at Chersonesos above, or elsewhere in the territory of Lyctos.[15]

The decoration of the coins issued at Lyctus is usually an eagle flying, with the inscription "ΛΥΤΤΙΩΝ" ("of the Lyttians").[16]

References

1. The Iliad ii. 647, xvii. 611.
2. Aristotle Pol. ii. 7.
3. Callimachus Hymn to Apollo 33; comp. Müller, Dorians, vol. i. pp. 141, 227, trans.
4. Book IV
5. Elmar Edel; Manfred Görg (2005), Die Ortsnamenlisten im nördlichen Säulenhof des Totentempels Amenophis III (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, ISBN 3-4470-5219-8
6. deaditerranean.com Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B
7. Diodorus xvi. 62.
8. iv. 53, 54.
9. Polyb. xxii. 15 (xxiii. 15? My edition has it xxii 15, is there a different count of books?), xxiv. 53 (?) The last reference is almost certainly wrong, as book XXIV goes only to chapter 15. Same for book XXIII which has 18 chapters.
10. Livy Epit. xcix.; Florus iii. 7.
11. x. p. 479.
12. Strabo p. 476; comp. Stephanus of Byzantium s. v.; Scylax p. 18; Pliny iv. 12; Aesych. s. v. Καρνησσόπολις; Hierocles.
13. Robert Pashley, Trav. vol. i. p. 269.
14. Mus. Class. Ant. vol. ii. p. 274.
15. Getzel M. Cohen, The Hellenistic Settlements in Europe, the Islands, and Asia Minor (Volume 17 of Hellenistic culture and society). University of California Press, 1995 ISBN 0520914082 p132
16. Eckhel, vol. ii. p.316; Töck, Kreta, vol. i. pp. 13, 408, vol. ii. pp. 431, 446, vol. iii. pp. 430, 465, 508.

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "^{article name needed}". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.