Lycaena

Lycaena is a butterfly genus. The genus range is Holarctic, with the exception of four species found in New Zealand, two in South Africa, one in New Guinea and one in Java. It is commonly divided into several subgenera, such as Antipodolycaena. Many formerly independent genera are now subsumed within Lycaena; the genus Gaiedes may also belong here. Many of the subgenera, species groups and species listed here may be synonyms.

Lycaena
Lycaena virgaureae
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Lycaenidae
Subfamily:	Lycaeninae
Genus:	Lycaena Fabricius, 1807
Synonyms
Antipodolycaena Smart, 1975 Boldenaria Zhdanko, 1995 Chalceria Scudder, 1876 Chrysophanus Hübner, 1818 (rejected) Chysoptera Zincken, 1817 Disparia Verity, 1943 (non Nagano, 1916: preoccupied Epidemia Scudder, 1876 Helleia Verity, 1943 Heodes Dalman, 1816 Hermelycaena L.D.Miller & F.M.Brown, 1979 Hyllolycaena L.D.Miller & F.M.Brown, 1979 Loweia Tutt, 1906 Lycia Sodovskii, 1837 (non Hübner, 1825: preoccupied) Migonitis Sodovskii, 1837 (non Rafinesque, 1815: preoccupied Palaeochrysophanus Verity, 1934 (nomen nudum) Palaeochrysophanus Verity, 1943 Palaeoloweia Verity, 1934 Rapsidia Sibatani, 1974 Rumicia Tutt, 1906 Tharsalea Scudder, 1876 Thersamolycaena Verity, 1957 Thersamonia Verity, 1919 and see text

Species

Listed alphabetically within groups:[1]

Subgenus Tharsalea Scudder, 1876: Lycaena arota (Boisduval, 1852) – tailed copper Subgenus Chalceria Scudder, 1876: The thaeides species group: Lycaena dione (Scudder, 1868) Lycaena editha (Mead, 1878) – Edith's copper California, Montana, Wyoming, Nevada Lycaena gorgon (Boisduval, 1852) – gorgon copper Nevada, California, Oregon Lycaena xanthoides (Boisduval, 1852) – great gray copper California The chalceria species group: Lycaena ferrisi Johnson & Balogh, 1977 – Ferris' copper Arizona Lycaena heteronea Boisduval, 1858 – blue copper Lycaena rubidus (Behr, 1866) – ruddy copper Subgenus Epidemia Scudder, 1876: The hyllolycaena species group: Lycaena hyllus (Cramer, [1775]) – bronze copper The epidemia species group: Lycaena dorcas Kirby, 1837 – dorcas copper or cinquefoil copper Lycaena dospassosi McDunnough, 1940 Lycaena epixanthe (Boisduval & Leconte, [1835]) – bog copper, cranberry-bog copper Lycaena helloides (Boisduval, 1852) – purplish copper Lycaena nivalis (Boisduval, 1869) – nivalis copper Lycaena mariposa (Reakirt, 1866) – mariposa copper Subgenus Hermelycaena Miller & Brown, 1979: Lycaena hermes (Edwards, 1870) – Hermes copper Subgenus Antipodolycaena Smart, 1975: Lycaena boldenarum White, 1862 New Zealand Lycaena feredayi (Bates, 1867) – glade copper Lycaena rauparaha (Fereday, 1877) New Zealand Lycaena salustius (Fabricius, 1793) – common copper Unnamed subgenus: The heodes species group: Lycaena ottomanus (Lefèbvre, 1830) – Grecian copper Lycaena tityrus (Poda, 1761) – sooty copper Lycaena virgaureae (Linnaeus, 1758) – scarce copper The palaeochrysophanus species group: Lycaena candens (Herrich-Schäffer, [1844]) South Europe, Caucasus, Transcaucasia Lycaena hippothoe (Linnaeus, 1761) – purple-edged copper Subgenus Lycaena Fabricius, 1807: The helle species group: Lycaena helle ([Schiffermüller], 1775) – violet copper Lycaena irmae Bailey, 1932 South Tibet Lycaena li (Oberthür, 1886) West China Lycaena ouang (Oberthür, 1891) Yunnan Lycaena pang (Oberthür, 1886) West China, Tibet Lycaena svenhedini (Nordström, 1935) China Lycaena tseng (Oberthür, 1886) North Burma to West China The phlaeas species group: Lycaena cupreus (Edwards, 1870) – lustrous copper Lycaena kiyokoae Sakai, 1978 Afghanistan Lycaena phlaeas (Linnaeus, 1761) – small copper, common copper, American copper Lycaena sichuanica Bozano & Weidenhoffer, 2001

The thersamolycaena species group: Lycaena aeolus Wyatt, 1961 West Pamirs, Afghanistan Lycaena aeolides (Churkin, 1999) Gissar Range, Central Asia Lycaena alciphron (Rottemburg, 1775) – purple-shot copper Lycaena dispar (Haworth, 1802) – large copper Lycaena splendens (Staudinger, 1881) Dzhungarsky Alatau, Tian-Shan (Central Asia) Lycaena violaceus (Staudinger, 1892) The thersamonia species group: Lycaena aditya (Moore, [1875]) West Pamirs, Afghanistan, Pakistan, North India Lycaena alaica (Grum-Grshimailo, 1888) Pamirs-Alai, Gissar Range, North east Afghanistan Lycaena alpherakyi (Grum-Grshimailo, 1888) East Pamirs, Northwest China Lycaena attila (Zhdanko, 1990) Zaalaisky Mountains (Trans-Ili Alatau) Central Asia Lycaena asabinus (Herrich-Schäffer, [1851]) Turkey, Transcaucasia, Iran, Armenia Lycaena hyrcana (Neuburger, 1903) North Iran to Central Asia Lycaena kurdistanica (Riley, 1921) Armenia, Northeast Turkey, West Iran Lycaena lampon Lederer, [1870] Kopet-Dagh, Southeast Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan Lycaena ochimus (Herrich-Schäffer, [1851]) Transcaucasia, Armenia, Caucasus Minor, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Talysh Mountains (Iran - Azerbaijan) Lycaena phoebus (Blachier, 1905) – Moroccan copper Morocco Lycaena solskyi Erschoff, 1874 Pamirs to Alay Mountains, Gissar Range, Darvaz Range, Tian-Shan, Kashmir, Samarkand Lycaena thersamon (Esper, 1784) – lesser fiery copper Lycaena thetis Klug, 1834 – fiery copper or golden copper The phoenicurusia species group: Lycaena margelanica (Staudinger, 1881) South Tajikistan to Tien-Shan, Gissar Range, Darvaz, Alay, West Pamir, Babatag, Karatau, Teriklitau, Rangontau, Zailiisky Alatau, Lake Issyk-Kul mountains The hyrcanana species group: Lycaena caspius (Lederer, 1869) Kopet-Dagh, Gissar Range, North Iran, Afghanistan Lycaena ophion Hemming, 1933 Kopet-Dagh, Gissar Range to Darvaz Tadzhikistan Lycaena pamira (Nekrutenko, 1983) Lycaena sartha (Staudinger, 1886) Gissar Range to Darvaz, Pamirs to Alay mountains, Northeast Afghanistan Lycaena sultan (Lang, 1884) West Gissar Range (Zeravshansky, Ghissarsky, Baisuntau, Fanskie) Unknown species group: Lycaena bathinia Snellen, 1899 dubious Java Lycaena clarki Dickson, 1971 – eastern sorrel copper Lycaena evansii (de Nicéville, 1902) Kashmir, Chitral Lycaena kasyapa (Moore, 1865) – green copper Lycaena orus (Stoll, [1780]) – western sorrel copper Lycaena ottomanus (Lefèbvre, 1830) Lycaena pallida Miskin, 1891 New Guinea Lycaena panava (Westwood, 1852) Lycaena pavana (Kollar, [1844]) – white-bordered copper North India Lycaena standfussi (Grum-Grshimailo, 1891) West China, Tibet Lycaena susanus (Swinhoe, 1889) Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan Lycaena tityrus Poda, 1761 – sooty copper Lycaena virgaureae (Linnaeus, 1758) – scarce copper Lycaena zariaspa (Moore, 1874) West Himalayas, Kashmir, Northwest India

References

1. Lycaena, funet.fi

External links

• images representing Lycaena at Consortium for the Barcode of Life