Louis Agassiz Fuertes

Louis Agassiz Fuertes (February 7, 1874 Ithaca, New York – August 22, 1927 Unadilla, New York) was an American ornithologist, illustrator and artist who set the rigorous and current-day standards for ornithological art and naturalist depiction and is considered as one of the most prolific American bird artists, second only to his guiding professional predecessor John James Audubon.

Louis Agassiz Fuertes
Louis Agassiz Fuertes
BornFebruary 7, 1874
Ithaca, New York
DiedAugust 22, 1927(1927-08-22) (aged 53)
Unadilla, New York
OccupationOrnithologist, illustrator and artist
Spouse(s)Margaret F. Sumner
Parent(s)
  • Estevan Fuertes (father)

Biography
Barn swallow from The Second Book of Birds, 1901

Early life

Fuertes was born in Ithaca, New York, and was the son of Puerto Rican astronomer and civil engineer Estevan Fuertes and Mary Stone Perry Fuertes. His father was the founding professor of the School of Civil Engineering at Cornell University, and for many years served as the dean of the college. Estevan named his son after the Swiss-born American naturalist Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz, who had died the year before. Fuertes's mother, born in Troy, New York, was of Dutch ancestry.

Young Louis became interested in birds at a very early age, securing birds with a slingshot and examining them carefully.

As a child, he had been influenced by John James Audubon's The Birds of America. At the age of fourteen, he made his first painting of a bird, a male red crossbill, from life. He learned to keep careful records of the appearance, habits and voices of birds.

In 1890, he sent a specimen that he collected to the Smithsonian and received stellar praise and glowing comments on its rarity and accuracy and in 1891, at the young age of 17, Louis became the youngest member ever named when he was inducted as Associate Member of the American Ornithologists' Union.

He was encouraged by his father's colleagues at Cornell including Burt G. Wilder and Liberty H. Bailey.

In June 1892, he accompanied his parents to Europe and sketched birds and animals at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris.

In September, he joined the Institute of Keller, a school in Zurich, staying on for a year.[1]

Cornell University

Returning to America, he enrolled in Cornell in 1893, choosing to study architecture.

His older brother James, however shared in a memoir that Louis lacked a passion for geometry and mathematics and would often fall asleep when James tried to coach him. During one college lecture, Louis climbed out a classroom window and sat completely still in a tree to investigate a strange bird call he had never heard before.

His interest in singing led him to join the Cornell University Glee Club. In 1894, the Glee Club went on a tour to Washington, D.C., where another member of the club suggested that Louis meet his uncle Elliott Coues, who was also keenly interested in birds. This meeting was a turning point, as Coues recognized Fuertes' talent and spread the word about his already distinguished work. In 1895 Coues exhibited fifty of the works of Fuertes at the Congress of the American Ornithologists' Union at Washington, a meeting that Louis was unable to attend. He received the first of his many commissions for illustrating birds while still an undergraduate.

At Cornell, he was elected to the Sphinx Head Society, the oldest senior honor society at the University. He was also a member of Alpha Delta Phi which he joined having been lifelong friends with famed horticulturalist and naturalist Theodore Luqueer Mead, one of his father's former students and member of the fraternity.[2]

In 1896, Coues invited Fuertes to attend the Ornithological Congress at Cambridge in England.

Career and personal life
Fuertes and baboon, Abyssinian Expedition (1927)

After graduating from Cornell in 1897 he became an apprentice to the painter Abbott H. Thayer. In 1898, he made his first expedition, with Thayer and his son Gerald, to Florida.[1] In 1899, Fuertes accompanied E. H. Harriman on his famous exploration of the Alaska coastline, the Harriman Alaska Expedition.

Fuertes later traveled across much of the United States and to many countries in pursuit of birds, including the Bahamas, Jamaica, Canada, Mexico, Colombia, and Ethiopia. Fuertes collaborated with Frank Chapman, curator of the American Museum of Natural History, on many assignments including field research, background dioramas at the museum, and book illustrations. While on a collecting expedition with Chapman in Mexico, Fuertes discovered a species of oriole. Chapman named it Icterus fuertesi, commonly called Fuertes's oriole after his friend.[3]

In 1904 Fuertes married Margaret F. Sumner and they had a son, Louis Sumner, and a daughter, Mary.[1]

Fuertes regularly lectured on ornithology at Cornell University beginning in 1923. Fuertes was an able imitator of bird song[4] and even made a trial recording for a Victor record in 1913.[5]

In 1926–27 he participated in the Field Museum's Abyssinian Expedition led by Wilfred Hudson Osgood. He produced some of his most exquisite bird and mammal watercolors as a result of this trip.

Death

Upon his return from Ethiopia, Fuertes visited Frank Chapman at Tannersville, New York. Returning from the meeting, his car was hit by a train at a railroad crossing near Unadilla, New York, and he was killed. A load of hay had concealed the oncoming train.[6] His wife was seriously injured but survived.

By a twist of fate, the paintings he carried all survived undamaged. This extraordinary and rare collection was later purchased from Mrs. Fuertes by C. Suydam Cutting.[1][7]

Fuertes is buried at Lake View Cemetery in Ithaca, New York.[8]

Memorials and legacy
Fuertes's parrot, named after Louis Agassiz Fuertes

Fuertes is commemorated by two species. One is a species named by his colleague Frank Chapman as Icterus fuertesi, although it is now considered a subspecies of the orchard oriole. The other, Fuertes's parrot, or Hapalopsittaca fuertesi, was rediscovered in 2002 after 91 years of presumed extinction.

In 1927, the Boy Scouts of America made Fuertes an Honorary Scout, a new category of Scout created that same year. This distinction was given to "American citizens whose achievements in outdoor activity, exploration and worthwhile adventure are of such an exceptional character as to capture the imagination of boys...". The other eighteen who were awarded this distinction were: Roy Chapman Andrews; Robert Bartlett; Frederick Russell Burnham; Richard E. Byrd; George Kruck Cherrie; James L. Clark; Merian C. Cooper; Lincoln Ellsworth; George Bird Grinnell; Charles A. Lindbergh; Donald Baxter MacMillan; Clifford H. Pope; George Palmer Putnam; Kermit Roosevelt; Carl Rungius; Stewart Edward White; Orville Wright.[9]

Apart from mentoring George Miksch Sutton, Fuertes influenced many later wildlife artists including Roger Tory Peterson, Jörg Kühn and Conrad Roland[10]. The Wilson Ornithological Society established the Louis Agassiz Fuertes Award in 1947.[11] Fuertes also painted dozens of mammal portraits for The National Geographic Magazine in 1916 and 1918, and inspired the Society to hire an artist of their own, Walter A. Weber.[12]

Many of Fuertes' paintings still remain popular and in very high demand today. In particular, a 1924 oil painting, Wild Turkey, sold for $86,250 at a January 2012 auction in New York and his other works command even higher prices to private collectors around the world. Fuertes' love of animals and landscapes comes through in his paintings; there is a notable vivacity and excitement present in his work that has created long-term value.[13]

Selected works
Black-headed Heron, watercolor (1927)

Fuertes' earliest commissions included 25 large decorative panels for F. F. Brewster of New Haven, Connecticut. This was followed by some murals at the Flamingo Hotel, of Miami, Florida and some paintings for the New York Zoological Society. He was much sought after later, illustrating books, plates for journals and magazine.[14][15] Working with impressions from the field and from freshly collected specimens, Fuertes' works are considered some of the most accurate and natural depictions of birds. He had an ability to capture the bird in action and reproduce illustrations from a mental image.[16][17] Apart from illustrations, he wrote some full length articles including one on falconry in the National Geographic and another on dogs.[18][19] The cover of the journal Auk published by the American Ornithologists' Union was designed by Fuertes.[20] Some of the books that he illustrated include:

  • Cardinal, from Citizen Bird (1897)
  • Eastern kingbird, from The Second Book of Birds (1901)
  • Williamson's sapsucker, from Birds of the Rockies (1902)
  • Gelada baboon from Album of Abyssinian Birds and Mammals (1930)
  • Chestnut-backed chickadee, from Harriman Alaska Series (1904)
  • Pomarine jaeger, from Harriman Alaska Series (1904)
  • Yellow-throated warbler, from Warblers of North America (1907)
  • Great horned owl, from United States Department of Agriculture Yearbook (1908)
  • Goshawk, from Birds of New York (1910–1914)
  • Nightjars, from Birds of New York (1910–1914)
  • Pileated woodpecker, from Birds of New York (1910–1914)
  • Magnolia warbler, from The Warblers of North America (National Geographic, 1917)
  • White-faced ibis, from Game Birds of California (1918)
  • Silvery-cheeked hornbill, from Album of Abyssinian Birds and Mammals (1930)
  • Black-bellied bustard, from Album of Abyssinian Birds and Mammals (1930)
  • African fish eagle, from Album of Abyssinian Birds and Mammals (1930)
  • Flamingo mural at the American Museum of Natural History
  • Secretary bird, from Album of Abyssinian Birds and Mammals (1930)
gollark: Yep, they'll see "wow, they really want hatchlings" and give me eggs, because everyone loves eggs.
gollark: I'm using the Inverse Wants Principle.
gollark: No, I mostly wanted eggs.
gollark: I was hoping to be able to get a nice hybrid (risen/setsong, carina) for one of them, but nooo...
gollark: *is egglocked with hightime kindofrare stuff*

References
  1. Chapman, Frank M. (1928). "In memoriam: Louis Agassiz Fuertes 1874-1927" (PDF). Auk. 45 (1): 1–26. doi:10.2307/4075351. JSTOR 4075351. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 7, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
  2. Mead, Theodore L. (1935). "Theodore L. Mead - Naturalist, Entomologist and Plantsman. An Autobiography". Yearbook, American Amaryllis Society 2: 11–22
  3. Peck, Robert McCracken (1982). A Celebration of Birds, The Life and Art of Louis Agassiz Fuertes. Walker and Company. p. 126. ISBN 0-8027-0716-5.
  4. "Impressions of the voices of tropical birds". Bird-Lore. 15 (6): 341–344. 1913.
  5. Discography of American Historical Recordings, s.v. "Victor matrix [Trial 1913-11-14-11]. [Bird imitations] / Louis A. Fuertes," accessed January 13, 2018, https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/matrix/detail/900001825/Trial_1913-11-14-11-Bird_imitations.
  6. "Louis Agassiz Fuertes [Obituary]". The Ibis. 12th series, 3 (4): 741–742. October 1927.
  7. Johnsgard, Paul A. (2008). "Louis A. Fuertes and the Zoological Art of the 1926–1927 Abyssinan Expedition of The Field Museum of Natural History".
  8. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/177934476
  9. "Around the World". Time. August 29, 1927. Retrieved October 24, 2007.
  10. Wetzel, Fred (2016). "Fred Wetzel Artist Biography". Artist Biography Fred Wetzel Studios. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  11. Jackson, Jerome A. (1988). "The Wilson Ornithological Society in the Last Third of Its First Century: 1956–1988" (PDF). The Wilson Bulletin. 100 (4): 632–649.
  12. Wild Animals of North America. National Geographic, 1960. Page 7.
  13. The Winter Sale 2012. Boston, MA: Copely Fine Art Auctions, 2012. Print.
  14. Marcham FG, ed. (1972). Louis Agassiz Fuertes and the Singular Beauty of Birds. Joanna Cotler Books. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-06-012775-6.
  15. Osgood, Wilfred H. (1927). "Louis Agassiz Fuertes". Science. 66 (1716): 469–472. Bibcode:1927Sci....66..469O. doi:10.1126/science.66.1716.469. PMID 17843732.
  16. Wells, David T. (1909). "Drawing wild birds in their native haunts" (PDF). The Outing Magazine. 54 (5): 568–569.
  17. Chapman, Frank M. (1937). "Fuertes and Audubon: A Comparison of the Work and Personalities of Two of the World's Greatest Bird Artists". Natural History. 39: 205–212.
  18. Fuertes, LA (1920). "Falcony, the sport of Kings". The National Geographic Magazine. 38 (6): 429–626.
  19. Ernest Harold Baynes, Louis Agassiz Fuertes (1919). The Book Of Dogs – An Intimate Study Of Mankind's Best Friend. The National Geographic Society.
  20. Anon (1913). "Notes and news" (PDF). Auk. 30 (1): 157–165. doi:10.2307/4071947. JSTOR 4071947.

Other sources
  • Boynton, Mary Fuertes (Ed.) 1956. Louis Agassiz Fuertes: his life briefly told and his correspondence. Oxford University Press.
  • Norelli, Martina R. American Wildlife Painting (Fuertes, Audubon, Heade, Wilson, Thayer, Catesby) Watson-Guptill Publications, 1975. ISBN 0-8230-0217-9
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