Longhorn cowfish

The longhorn cowfish (Lactoria cornuta), also called the horned boxfish, is a species of boxfish from the family Ostraciidae, recognizable by its long horns that protrude from the front of its head, rather like those of a cow or bull.[1] They are a resident of the Indo-Pacific region and can grow up to 50 cm (20 in) long.

Longhorn cowfish
A longhorn cowfish in Aquarium Finisterrae (Spain)
Several boxfish, including the longhorn cowfish.
Not evaluated (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Tetraodontiformes
Family:
Ostraciidae
Genus:
Lactoria
Species:
L. cornuta
Binomial name
Lactoria cornuta

Adults are reef fish, often solitary and territorial, and live around sand or rubble bottom up to a depth of 50 m (160 ft). They are omnivorous, feeding upon benthic algae, various microorganisms, and foraminiferans that it strains from sediments, sponges, polychaete worms from sand flats, mollusks, small crustaceans, and small fish, able to feed on benthic invertebrates by blowing jets of water into the sandy substrate.

Habitat

Its primary habitat is coral reefs in lagoons, on reef flats, and on protected seaward reefs. Juveniles associate with Acropora corals. Depth range is 3.3–148 ft (1–45 m, perhaps up to 100 m).

Range

Red Sea and East Africa eastward through Indonesia to Marquesas, northward to southern Japan. Including Tuamotus, southern Korea, north to the Ryukyu Islands of southern Japan, south to Australia and Lord Howe Island, and off southern Africa in the Atlantic. Tropical and subtropical waters.

Physiology

There is no known sexual dimorphism, so both male and female display a yellow to olive base color, which is decorated with white or bluish spots. Paired courtship just before or after sunset. Eggs and ichthyoplankton are pelagic.

One distinction from other fish is the lack of a gill cover, which is replaced by a small slit or hole. The hexagonal plate-like scales of these fish are fused together into a solid, triangular, box-like carapace, from which the fins and tail protrude. Their unique method of swimming, called ostraciiform swimming, causes them to look as if they are hovering. They have no pelvic skeleton, so they lack pelvic fins. They are such slow swimmers cowfish are easily caught by hand, making a grunting noise when captured. This is the most well-known cowfish species in the aquarium trade.

Defense

If severely stressed, this species may be able to exude deadly toxin, pahutoxin, an ichthyotoxic, hemolytic, heat-stable, non-dialyzable, non-protein poison in the mucous secretions of their skin. It is apparently unique among known fish poisons; it is toxic to the boxfish and mimics sea cucumber toxins in general properties.

The horns of the Longhorn cowfish may have evolved to make it more difficult to swallow for predators. When damaged, these horns can grow back within a few months.[2] These horns are mostly hollow and composed of mineralized collagen fibers.[3]

gollark: Yes you can. They can sell to each other products of unknown future value.
gollark: * works
gollark: Yes, but I mean that that price formula is pretty arbitrary and not how an actual market owrks.
gollark: No, it sounds like you would just *set* a price arbitrarily.
gollark: In actual markets, the price is created by the interaction of buy/sell orders though.

References
  1. "Longhorn Cowfishes, Lactoria cornuta". MarineBio Conservation Society. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  2. Khan, Shahzad Kuli; Siddique, Mohammad A. Momin; Haque, Mohammed Ashraful (2013). "New record of the longhorn cowfish Lactoria cornuta (Linnaeus 1758) from inshore waters of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh". Zoology and Ecology. 23: 88–90.
  3. Yang, Wen; Nguyen, Vanessa; Porter, Michael M.; Meyers, Marc A.; McKittrick, Joanna. "Structural characterization and compressive behavior of the boxfish horn" (PDF). Advances in Bioceramics and Biotechnologies II: Ceramic Transactions. 247: 105.
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