Linux kernel version history
The Linux kernel is a free and open-source, monolithic, Unix-like operating system kernel. It was conceived and created in 1991 by Linus Torvalds.[1]
Linux kernels have different support level depending on version. E.g. version 4.4, released in January 2016, was declared to have Long-Term Support (LTS). It has 6 years of support that way, but was also defined to have Super Long Term Support (SLTS), i.e. Civil Infrastructure Platform will provide support (for 32-bit ARM and x86-64 only) until at least 2026, possibly until 2036.[2] It is by now the oldest supported version.
Releases before 2.6.0
Version | Original release date | Current version | Maintainer | Support model |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.01 | 17 September 1991 | 0.03 | Linus Torvalds | EOL |
0.02 | 5 October 1991 | Linus Torvalds | EOL; first "usable"; for wider distribution[3] | |
0.10 | November 1991 | 0.12 | Linus Torvalds | EOL |
0.95 | 8 March 1992 | 0.99.15 | Linus Torvalds | EOL |
1.0 | 14 March 1994 | 1.0.9 | Linus Torvalds | EOL |
1.1 | 6 April 1994 | 1.1.95 | Linus Torvalds | EOL |
1.2 | 7 March 1995 | 1.2.13 | Linus Torvalds | EOL |
1.3 | 12 June 1995 | 1.3.100[4] | Linus Torvalds | EOL |
pre2.0 | 12 May 1996 | pre2.0.14 | Linus Torvalds | EOL |
2.0 | 9 June 1996[5] | 2.0.40[6] | David Weinehall | EOL (officially made obsolete with the kernel 2.2.0 release)[7] |
2.2 | 26 January 1999[8] | 2.2.26[9] | Marc-Christian Petersen (formerly Alan Cox) | EOL (unofficially obsolete with the 2.2.27-rc2)[10][11][12] |
2.4 | 4 January 2001[13] | 2.4.37.11[14] | Willy Tarreau (formerly Marcelo Tosatti) | EOL (maintained from December 2008 to December 2011), last stable release of the 2.4 kernel series.[14] |
Legend: Old version Older version, still maintained Latest version Latest preview version |
Releases 2.6.x.y
Versions 2.6.16 and 2.6.27 of the Linux kernel were unofficially supported in a long-term support (LTS) fashion,[15] before a 2011 working group in the Linux Foundation started a formal long-term support initiative.[16][17]
Version | Original release date | Current version | Maintainer | Support model |
---|---|---|---|---|
2.6 | 17 December 2003[18] | 2.6.10[19] | Linus Torvalds | EOL (maintained from December 2003 to December 2004)[19] |
2.6.11 | 2 March 2005[20] | 2.6.11.12[21] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from March 2005 to June 2005)[21] |
2.6.12 | 18 June 2005[22] | 2.6.12.6[23][24] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from June 2005 to August 2005)[23] |
2.6.13 | 28 August 2005[25] | 2.6.13.5[26] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from August 2005 to December 2005)[26] |
2.6.14 | 27 October 2005[27] | 2.6.14.7[28] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from October 2005 to January 2006)[28] |
2.6.15 | 2 January 2006[29] | 2.6.15.7[30] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from January 2006 to May 2006)[30] |
2.6.16 | 20 March 2006[31] | 2.6.16.62[32] | Adrian Bunk[33] (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman)[34] | EOL (1st LTS release, maintained from March 2006 to July 2008)[35][32] |
2.6.17 | 17 June 2006[36] | 2.6.17.14[37] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from September 2006 to October 2006)[37] |
2.6.18 | 20 September 2006[38] | 2.6.18.8[39] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from September 2006 to February 2007)[39] |
2.6.19 | 26 November 2006[40] | 2.6.19.7[41] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from November 2006 to March 2007)[41] |
2.6.20 | 4 February 2007[42] | 2.6.20.21[43] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from February 2007 to October 2007)[43] |
2.6.21 | 25 April 2007[44] | 2.6.21.7[45] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from April 2007 to August 2007)[45] |
2.6.22 | 8 July 2007[46] | 2.6.22.19[47] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from July 2007 to February 2008)[47] |
2.6.23 | 9 October 2007[48] | 2.6.23.17[49] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from October 2007 to February 2008)[49] |
2.6.24 | 24 January 2008[50] | 2.6.24.7[51] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from January 2008 to May 2008)[51] |
2.6.25 | 16 April 2008[52] | 2.6.25.20[53] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from April 2008 to November 2008)[53] |
2.6.26 | 13 July 2008[54] | 2.6.26.8[55] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from July 2008 to November 2008)[55] |
2.6.27 | 9 October 2008[56] | 2.6.27.62[57] | Willy Tarreau[58] (formerly Adrian Bunk,[59] and formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) | EOL (2nd LTS release, maintained from October 2008 to March 2012)[59] |
2.6.28 | 24 December 2008[60] | 2.6.28.10[61] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from December 2008 to May 2009)[61] |
2.6.29 | 23 March 2009[62] | 2.6.29.6[63] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from March 2009 to July 2009)[63] |
2.6.30 | 9 June 2009[64] | 2.6.30.9[65] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from June 2009 to October 2009)[65] |
2.6.31 | 9 September 2009[66] | 2.6.31.14[67] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from September 2009 to July 2010)[67] |
2.6.32 | 2 December 2009[68] | 2.6.32.71[69] | Willy Tarreau[70][71] (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman)[34][72] | EOL (3rd LTS release, maintained from December 2009 to March 2016,[70] used in Debian 6 Squeeze.[73] Canonical also provided support until April 2015.[74] |
2.6.33 | 24 February 2010[75] | 2.6.33.20[76] | Greg Kroah-Hartman[77] | EOL (4th LTS release, maintained from March 2011 to November 2011). It was the base for real-time-tree, replaced by 3.0.x.[76][77] |
2.6.34 | 16 May 2010[78] | 2.6.34.15[79] | Paul Gortmaker[80] | EOL (5th LTS release, maintained from January 2011 to February 2014)[79][80] |
2.6.35 | 1 August 2010[81] | 2.6.35.14[82] | Andi Kleen[83] | EOL (6th LTS release, maintained from December 2010 to March 2012)[83] |
2.6.36 | 20 October 2010[84] | 2.6.36.4[85] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from October 2010 to February 2011)[85] |
2.6.37 | 4 January 2011[86] | 2.6.37.6[87] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from January 2011 to March 2011)[87] |
2.6.38 | 14 March 2011[88] | 2.6.38.8[89] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from March 2011 to June 2011)[89] |
2.6.39 | 18 May 2011[90] | 2.6.39.4[91] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from May 2011 to August 2011), last stable release of the 2.6 kernel series.[91] |
Legend: Old version Older version, still maintained Latest version Latest preview version |
Releases 3.x.y
Version | Original release date | Current version | Maintainer | Support model |
---|---|---|---|---|
3.0 | 21 July 2011[92] | 3.0.101[93] | Greg Kroah-Hartman[94] | EOL (7th LTS release, maintained from July 2011 to October 2013, providing the base for real-time tree)[93][94] |
3.1 | 24 October 2011[95] | 3.1.10[96] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from October 2011 to January 2012)[96] |
3.2 | 4 January 2012[97] | 3.2.102[98] | Ben Hutchings[70][99] | 8th LTS release, was "projected EOL" for May 2018,[100] and has been maintained from March 2012, used in Ubuntu 12.04 LTS[101] and optionally in 12.04 ESM,[102] Debian 7 "Wheezy" and Slackware 14.0.[70][99] Canonical promised to (at least) provide long-term support until April 2017;[74] Support has continued for months after. |
3.3 | 18 March 2012[103] | 3.3.8[104] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from March 2012 to June 2012)[104] |
3.4 | 20 May 2012[105][106] | 3.4.113[107] | Li Zefan[70][108] (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) | EOL (9th LTS release, maintained from May 2012 to October 2016).[109] |
3.5 | 21 July 2012[110] | 3.5.7[111] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from July 2012 to October 2012);[111] Canonical provided extended support until April 2014.[74][112] |
3.6 | 30 September 2012[113] | 3.6.11[114] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from October 2012 to December 2012)[114] |
3.7 | 10 December 2012[115] | 3.7.10[116] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from December 2012 to March 2013)[116][117] |
3.8 | 18 February 2013[118] | 3.8.13[119] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from February 2013 to May 2013);[119] Canonical provided extended support until August 2014.[74][120] |
3.9 | 28 April 2013[121] | 3.9.11[122] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from April 2013 to July 2013)[122] |
3.10 | 30 June 2013[123] | 3.10.108[124] | Willy Tarreau[70][125] (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) | EOL (10th LTS release, maintained from August 2013 to November 2017)[124] |
3.11 | 2 September 2013[126] | 3.11.10[127] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from September 2013 to November 2013);[127] Canonical provided extended support until August 2014.[74] The codename chosen for version 3.11 is "Linux for Workgroups". |
3.12 | 3 November 2013[128] | 3.12.74[129] | Jiří Slabý[70][130] (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) | EOL (11th LTS release, maintained from November 2013 to May 2017.)[130][129] |
3.13 | 19 January 2014[131] | 3.13.11[132] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from January 2014 to April 2014);[132] Canonical provided extended support until April 2016.[74][133] |
3.14 | 30 March 2014[134] | 3.14.79[135] | Greg Kroah-Hartman[70] | EOL (12th LTS release, maintained from March 2014 to August 2016)[135] |
3.15 | 8 June 2014[136] | 3.15.10[137] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from June 2014 to August 2014)[137] |
3.16 | 3 August 2014[138] | 3.16.85[139] | Ben Hutchings[70][140] (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) | EOL (13th LTS release, maintained from August 2014 to October 2014, May 2016 to June 2020)[139][70][141] Was used in Debian 8 "Jessie".[142] Canonical provided extended support until April 2016.[74][143] |
3.17 | 5 October 2014[144] | 3.17.8[145] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from October 2014 to January 2015)[145] |
3.18 | 7 December 2014[146] | 3.18.140[147] | Greg Kroah-Hartman[148] (formerly Sasha Levin[149]) (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) | EOL (14th LTS release, maintained from December 2014 to January 2017).[150] However Greg stated that he will release irregular updates to the 3.18 tree.[151] Starting with 3.18.140, this version will no longer be maintained on kernel.org, but on AOSP |
3.19 | 8 February 2015[152] | 3.19.8[153] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from February 2015 to May 2015);[153] last stable release of the 3.x.y kernel series;[154] Canonical provided extended support until July 2016.[74][155] |
Legend: Old version Older version, still maintained Latest version Latest preview version |
Releases 4.x.y
Version | Original release date | Current version | Maintainer | Support model |
---|---|---|---|---|
4.0 | 12 April 2015[156] | 4.0.9[157] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from April 2015 to July 2015)[158] |
4.1 | 22 June 2015[159] | 4.1.52[160] | Sasha Levin[70][161] (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman)[162] | EOL (15th LTS release, maintained from July 2015 to May 2018)[70][159] |
4.2 | 30 August 2015[163] | 4.2.8[164] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from August 2015 to December 2015);[164] Canonical provided extended support until July 2016.[74][165] |
4.3 | 1 November 2015[166] | 4.3.6[167] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from November 2015 to February 2016)[168] |
4.4 | 10 January 2016[169] | 4.4.232[170] | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[70] | 16th LTS release, maintained from January 2016 to February 2022.[70][171] Canonical will provide extended support until April 2021.[172] As the first kernel selected for Super Long Term Support (SLTS), the Civil Infrastructure Platform will provide support until at least 2026, possibly until 2036.[2] |
4.5 | 13 March 2016[173] | 4.5.7[174] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from March 2016 to June 2016)[175] |
4.6 | 15 May 2016[176] | 4.6.7[177] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from May 2016 to August 2016)[177] |
4.7 | 24 July 2016[178] | 4.7.10[179] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from July 2016 to October 2016)[179] |
4.8 | 25 September 2016[180] | 4.8.17[181] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from September 2016 to January 2017)[181] |
4.9 | 11 December 2016[182] | 4.9.232[183] | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[70] | 17th LTS release, maintained from December 2016 to January 2023.[70][184] Used in Debian 9 "Stretch".[185] |
4.10 | 19 February 2017[186] | 4.10.17[187] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from February 2017 to May 2017)[187] |
4.11 | 30 April 2017[188] | 4.11.12[189] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from April 2017 to July 2017)[189] |
4.12 | 2 July 2017[190] | 4.12.14[191] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from July 2017 to September 2017)[191] |
4.13 | 3 September 2017[192] | 4.13.16[193] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from September 2017 to November 2017)[193] |
4.14 | 12 November 2017[194] | 4.14.193[195] | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[70] | 18th LTS release, maintained from November 2017 to January 2024[70][196] |
4.15 | 28 January 2018[197] | 4.15.18[198] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from January 2018 to April 2018)[198] |
4.16 | 1 April 2018[199] | 4.16.18[200] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from April 2018 to June 2018)[200] |
4.17 | 3 June 2018[201] | 4.17.19[202] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from June 2018 to August 2018)[202] |
4.18 | 12 August 2018[203] | 4.18.20[204] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from August 2018 to November 2018)[204] |
4.19 | 22 October 2018[205] | 4.19.139[206] | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[70] | 19th LTS release, maintained from October 2018 to December 2024.[70][207] Used in Debian 10 "Buster".[208] Second SLTS release with support for ARM64 platform.[209] |
4.20 | 23 December 2018[210] | 4.20.17[211] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from December 2018 to March 2019)[211] |
Legend: Old version Older version, still maintained Latest version Latest preview version |
Releases 5.x.y
Version | Original release date | Current version | Maintainer | Support model |
---|---|---|---|---|
5.0 | 3 March 2019[212] | 5.0.21[213] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from March 2019 to June 2019)[213] |
5.1 | 5 May 2019[214] | 5.1.21[215] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from May 2019 to July 2019)[215] |
5.2 | 7 July 2019[216] | 5.2.20[217] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from July 2019 to October 2019)[217] |
5.3 | 15 September 2019[218] | 5.3.18[219] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from September 2019 to December 2019)[219] |
5.4 | 24 November 2019[220] | 5.4.58[221] | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[70] | 20th LTS release, maintained from November 2019 to December 2025[70] |
5.5 | 26 January 2020[222] | 5.5.19[223] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from January 2020 to April 2020)[223] |
5.6 | 29 March 2020[224] | 5.6.19[225] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | EOL (maintained from March 2020 to June 2020)[225] |
5.7 | 31 May 2020[226] | 5.7.15[227] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | Supported release |
5.8 | 2 August 2020[228] | 5.8.1[229] (11 August 2020) [±] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | Stable release |
Legend: Old version Older version, still maintained Latest version Latest preview version |
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