Limnonectes

Limnonectes is a genus of fork-tongued frogs of about 74 known species, but new ones are still being described occasionally.[1] They are collectively known as fanged frogs because they tend to have unusually large teeth, which are small or absent in other frogs.

Limnonectes
Fanged river frog (Limnonectes macrodon)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Amphibia
Order:	Anura
Family:	Dicroglossidae
Subfamily:	Dicroglossinae
Genus:	Limnonectes Fitzinger, 1843
Species
More than 74, see text
Synonyms
Taylorana Dubois, 1986

Habitat

These frogs are found throughout East and Southeast Asia, most commonly near forest streams. Multiple species of Limnonectes may occupy the same area in harmony.[2] Large-bodied species cluster around fast rivers, while smaller ones live among leaf-litter or on stream banks. The Indonesian island of Sulawesi is home to at least 15 species of this frog, only four of which have been formally described.[3]

Lifecycle

Tadpoles of this genus have adapted to a variety of conditions. Most species (e.g. Blyth's river frog L. blythii or the fanged river frog L. macrodon) develop normally, with free-swimming tadpoles that eat food.[4] The tadpoles of the corrugated frog (L. laticeps) are free-swimming but endotrophic, meaning they do not eat but live on stored yolk until metamorphosis into frogs.[4] Before, L. limborgi was assumed to have direct development (eggs hatching as tiny, full-formed frogs), but more careful observations have showed it has free-swimming but endotrophic larvae; this probably applies to the closely related L. hascheanus, too.[5] L. larvaepartus is the only known species of frog that gives live birth to tadpoles.[3] Parental care is performed by males.[2]

Species

Limnonectes acanthi (Taylor, 1923) – Busuanga wart frog Limnonectes arathooni (Smith, 1927) – Djikoro wart frog; (Endangered) Limnonectes asperatus Limnonectes bannaensis Ye, Fei, Xie & Jiang, 2007 Limnonectes blythii – Blyth's river frog, giant Asian river frog Limnonectes cintalubang (Matsui, Nishikawa & Eto, 2014) Limnonectes coffeatus Phimmachak, Sivongxay, Seateun, Yodthong, Rujirawan, Neang, Aowphol, and Stuart, 2018 Limnonectes conspicillatus (Günther, 1872) Limnonectes dabanus Limnonectes dammermani – Dammerman's wart frog Limnonectes deinodon Dehling, 2014 Limnonectes diuatus – eastern Mindanao frog, Tagibo wart frog Limnonectes doriae – Burmese wart frog, Doria's frog, or red stream frog Limnonectes ferneri Limnonectes finchi – Finch's wart frog Limnonectes fragilis Limnonectes fujianensis Limnonectes grunniens Limnonectes gyldenstolpei Limnonectes hascheanus (sometimes separated in Taylorana) Limnonectes heinrichi Limnonectes hikidai Matsui & Nishikawa, 2014 Limnonectes ibanorum Limnonectes ingeri Limnonectes isanensis McLeod, Kelly, and Barley, 2012 Limnonectes jarujini Matsui et al., 2010 Limnonectes kadarsani Limnonectes kenepaiensis Limnonectes khammonensis Limnonectes khasianus Limnonectes kiziriani Pham, Le, Ngo, Ziegler, and Nguyen, 2018 Limnonectes kohchangae Limnonectes kong Dehling and Dehling, 2017 Limnonectes kuhlii – Kuhl's Creek frog, large-headed frog Limnonectes larvaepartus Limnonectes lauhachindai (Aowphol, Rujirawan, Taksintum, Chuaynkern & Stuart. 2015) Limnonectes leporinus – giant river frog Limnonectes leytensis – small disked frog, swamp frog

Limnonectes limborgi Limnonectes liui (Yang, 1983) Limnonectes longchuanensis (Suwannapoom, Yuan, Sullivan & McLeod, 2016) Limnonectes macrocephalus – Luzon fanged frog Limnonectes macrodon – fanged river frog, Javan giant frog, Malaya wart frog, stone creek frog Limnonectes macrognathus Limnonectes magnus – giant Philippine frog, large swamp frog, Mindanao fanged frog Limnonectes malesianus – Malesian frog, peat swamp frog Limnonectes mawlyndipi Limnonectes megastomias McLeod, 2008 Limnonectes micrixalus Limnonectes microdiscus Limnonectes microtympanum Limnonectes mocquardi (Mocquard, 1890) Limnonectes modestus Limnonectes namiyei – Namiye's frog Limnonectes nguyenorum Limnonectes nitidus Limnonectes palavanensis Limnonectes paramacrodon Limnonectes parvus – Philippine small-disked frog Limnonectes plicatellus Limnonectes poilani Limnonectes quangninhensis Pham, Le, Nguyen, Ziegler, Wu, and Nguyen, 2017 Limnonectes rhacoda Limnonectes savan Phimmachak, Richards, Sivongxay, Seateun, Chuaynkern, Makchai, Som & Stuart, 2019 Limnonectes selatan Matsui, Belabut, and Ahmad, 2014 Limnonectes shompenorum Limnonectes sinuatodorsalis Matsui, 2015 Limnonectes sisikdagu McLeod, Horner, Husted, Barley, and Iskandar, 2011 Limnonectes taylori Matsui et al., 2010 Limnonectes timorensis (Smith, 1927) Limnonectes tweediei Limnonectes utara Matsui, Belabut, and Ahmad, 2014 Limnonectes visayanus – giant Visayan frog Limnonectes woodworthi – Woodworth's frog

Phylogeny

Pyron & Wiens (2011)

The following phylogeny of Limnonectes is from Pyron & Wiens (2011).[6] 35 species are included. Limnonectes is a sister group of Nanorana.[6]

Limnonectes

Limnonectes microdiscus     Limnonectes kadarsani         Limnonectes laticeps         Limnonectes limborgi     Limnonectes hascheanus         Limnonectes dabanus     Limnonectes gyldenstolpei                   Limnonectes asperatus     Limnonectes fragilis         Limnonectes fujianensis       Limnonectes bannaensis     Limnonectes kuhlii               Limnonectes leytensis       Limnonectes acanthi         Limnonectes microtympanum     Limnonectes arathooni           Limnonectes magnus       Limnonectes heinrichi     Limnonectes modestus           Limnonectes woodworthi       Limnonectes macrocephalus     Limnonectes visayanus                     Limnonectes leporinus       Limnonectes parvus     Limnonectes palavanensis             Limnonectes ibanorum     Limnonectes grunniens           Limnonectes blythii     Limnonectes poilani           Limnonectes paramacrodon         Limnonectes macrodon     Limnonectes shompenorum         Limnonectes malesianus       Limnonectes ingeri     Limnonectes finchi

Aowphol, et al. (2015)

The following Limnonectes phylogeny is from Aowphol, et al. (2015).[7] 20 species are included.

Limnonectes

Limnonectes fragilis       Limnonectes leporinus         Limnonectes leytensis     Limnonectes woodworthi         Limnonectes malesianus     Limnonectes poilani               Limnonectes khasianus       Limnonectes kadarsani     Limnonectes microdiscus         Limnonectes bannaensis     Limnonectes fujianensis           Limnonectes lauhachindai       Limnonectes dabanus     Limnonectes gyldenstolpei           Limnonectes kohchangae       Limnonectes plicatellus       Limnonectes doriae       Limnonectes macrognathus       Limnonectes hascheanus     Limnonectes limborgi

McLeod, et al. (2015)

Below is a phylogeny of species within the L. kuhlii species complex (McLeod, et al. 2015).[8] Limnonectes longchuanensis, Limnonectes hikidai, and Limnonectes cintalubang[9] are also part of the L. kuhlii species complex.

	Limnonectes kuhlii (Java)     Limnonectes sisikdagu       Limnonectes fragilis         Limnonectes bannaensis       Limnonectes namiyei     Limnonectes fujianensis           Limnonectes jarujini       Limnonectes nguyenorum       Limnonectes isanensis     Limnonectes taylori     Limnonectes megastomias

References

1. Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Limnonectes Fitzinger, 1843". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
2. McLeod, D.S.; S.J. Horner; C. Husted; A. Barley & D.T. Iskandar (2011). "Same-same, but different: An unusual new species of the Limnonectes kuhlii Complex from West Sumatra (Anura: Dicroglossidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2883: 52–64. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2883.1.4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-01-03.
3. Iskandar, D. T.; Evans, B. J.; McGuire, J. A. (2014). "A Novel Reproductive Mode in Frogs: A New Species of Fanged Frog with Internal Fertilization and Birth of Tadpoles". PLoS ONE. 9 (12): e115884. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115884. PMC 4281041. PMID 25551466.
4. Ming, Leong Tzi (2004). "Larval descriptions of some poorly known tadpoles from Peninsular Malaysia (Amphibia: Anura)" (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 52 (2): 609–620. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-17.
5. Rowley, J. J. L.; Altig, R. (2012). "Nidicolous development in Limnonectes limborgi (Anura, Dicroglossidae)". Amphibia-Reptilia. 33: 145–149. doi:10.1163/156853812X626179.
6. R. Alexander Pyron; John J. Wiens (2011). "A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 61 (2): 543–583. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012. PMID 21723399.
7. Aowphol, Rujirawan, Taksintum, Chuaynkern, and Stuart, 2015, Zootaxa, 3956: 259. Holotype: NCSM 80222, by original designation. Type locality: "Thailand, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Sirindhorn District, Kham Khuen Kaew Subdistrict, 15°17’47.6”N 105°28’22.0”E, 131 m elev." zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:270500F3-C33E-434B-B5F1-1FDB7A856AD9
8. McLeod, Kurlbaum & Hoang, 2015 : More of the same: a diminutive new species of the Limnonectes kuhlii complex from northern Vietnam (Anura: Dicroglossidae). Zootaxa, No. 3947, p. 201–214.
9. Matsui, Nishikawa, and Eto, 2014, Raffles Bull. Zool., Singapore, 62: 681. Holotype: KUHE 47859, by original designation. Type locality: "Ranchan, Serian, Samarahan Division, Sarawak, East Malaysia (01° 08′ 30″ N, 110° 34′ 57″ E, 64 m asl)". http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9C21B7C4-27AD-4103-89C0-513D2E80106C