Limón

Puerto Limón (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpweɾto liˈmon]), commonly known as Limón (Spanish for "lemon"),[2] is the capital city and main hub of Limón province, as well as of the cantón (county) of Limón in Costa Rica. It is the seventh largest city in Costa Rica, with a population of over 55,000, and is home of the Afro-Costa Rican community.[3] Part of the community traces its roots to Italian, Jamaican and Chinese laborers who worked on a late nineteenth-century railroad project that connected San José to Puerto Limón. Until 1948, the Costa Rican government did not recognize Afro-Caribbean people as citizens and restricted their movement outside Limón province.[4] As a result of this "travel ban", this Afro-Caribbean population became firmly established in the region, which influenced decisions not to move even after it was legally permitted. Nowadays, there is a significant outflow of Limón natives who move to the country's Central Valley in search for better employment and education.[5] The Afro-Caribbean community speaks Spanish and Limonese Creole, a creole of English.

Puerto Limón
Canton
Images, from top down, left to right: Panoramic view of Limón, Vargas Park, Playa Bonita, Historic Building of the Baptist Reverend Heath, Onlook of 2nd Avenue, the MS Zuiderdam docked at Limón's Port terminal.
Coat of arms
Motto(s): 
Paz y Trabajo  (Spanish)
"Peace and Work"
Puerto Limón and surrounding area
Puerto Limón
Location of Puerto Limón within Costa Rica
Coordinates: 9°59′N 83°02′W
Country Costa Rica
ProvinceLimón
Founded1870
Government
 • SyndicRoger David Navarro Sevilla
Area
 • Total59.79 km2 (23.09 sq mi)
Elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
 (2012)[1]
 • Total58,522
Demonym(s)limonense
Time zoneUTC-6 (CST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-6 (None)
Postal code
70101
ClimateAf

Puerto Limón contains two port terminals, Limón and Moín, which permit the shipment of Costa Rican exports as well as the anchoring of cruise ships. In 2016, the government pledged ₡93 million ($166,000) for a new cruise ship terminal for Puerto Limón.[6]

Health care is provided for the city by Hospital Dr. Tony Facio Castro.[7] Two small islands, Uvita Island and Isla de Pájaros, are just offshore.

History

Colonization

Christopher Columbus first dropped anchor in Costa Rica in 1502 at Isla Uvita, just off the coast of Puerto Limón. The Atlantic coast, however, was left largely unexplored by Spanish settlers until the 19th century.

As early as 1569, Governor Perafán de Rivera gave extensive plots of land, Indians included, in Matina to aristocrats (hidalgos) that helped to finance and support early conquest. Because these aristocrats found out that only a few Indians were available to exploit, they acquired African slaves to plant these lands with cocoa trees (the only feasible crop in these lands). These lands provided the only source of income to the absentee owners from the capital city of Cartago. Matina gained importance because of the cacao and the presence of African slaves, which made them attractive to pirate incursions.

Notorious pirates, Edward Mansvelt and his vice admiral Henry Morgan, arrived at Portete, a small bay between Limón and Moín, in 1666. They proceeded inland to Cartago, the capital of Costa Rica at the time, but were driven away by the inhabitants at Turrialba on 15 April. The pirate army left on 16 April and arrived back in Portete on 23 April. They left Costa Rica and did not return.[8]

Founding

The town was officially founded in 1854 by Philipp J. J. Valentini under government auspices.[9] In 1867, construction began on an ambitious railroad connecting the highlands to the sea. Limón was chosen as the site of a major port, which would facilitate exports of the coffee from the Central Valley.[10]

Afro-Costa Rican

The first officially acknowledged arrival of African people who arrived in Costa Rica came with the Spanish conquistadors. Slave trade was common in all the countries conquered by Spain, and in Costa Rica the first Africans seem to have come from specific sources in Africa- Equatorial and Western regions. The people from these areas were thought of as ideal slaves because they had a reputation for being more robust, affable and hard-working than other Africans. The enslaved were from what is now the Gambia (Wolof), Guinea (Malinké), Ghanaian (Ashanti), Benin (specifically Ije / Ararás) and Sudan (Puras). Many of the enslaved were also Minas (i.e. communities from parts of the region extending from Ivory Coast to the Slave Coast), Popo (be imported tribes as Ana and Baribas), Yorubas and Congas (perhaps from Kongasso, Ivory Coast). Enslaved Africans also came from other places, such as neighboring Panama. Throughout the centuries, but especially after the emancipation of the slaves in 1824, the black population mixed with other ethnic groups, notably the Indians, and became part of the mainstream culture and ethnicity.

The early black population of Matina and Suerre in Limón is not the same population that arrived in the second half of the 19th century. This latter population did not arrive as slaves but as hired workers from Jamaica, and smaller groups from Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago. This is the reason why the majority of the current black population of Costa Rica has English surnames and speak English with a Jamaican accent.

In 1910, Marcus Mosiah Garvey travelled to Puerto Limón, where he worked as a time-keeper for the United Fruit Company for some months, observing that the population of African descent suffered poor conditions.[11]

The descendant of Africans in Costa Rica have endured discrimination including a delay in voting rights and a restriction on their movements.

Recent history

Puerto Limón was struck by the 1991 Limon earthquake, which affected the surrounding landscape and coastline.

Demographics

Most Afro-Costa Ricans are found in Limón Province.[7]

Districts

Limón is divided into four districts which are in turn subdivided into pueblos and poblados (neighbourhoods and villages).[12]

Limón Canton
Districts (Distritos)Neighbourhoods (Pueblos)Villages (Poblados)
1. LimónBellavista, Bohío, Bosque, Cangrejos, Cariari, Cerro Mocho, Cielo Amarillo, Cristóbal Colón o Cieneguita, Corales (1, 2 and 3), Cruce, Fortín, Hospital, Laureles, Limóncito, Moín, Piuta, Portete, Pueblo Nuevo, Roosevelt, San Juan, Santa Eduviges, Trinidad, Veracruz, Colina, Ceibón, Pacuare, Siglo XXIBuenos Aires, Cocal, Dos Bocas, Empalme Moin, Milla Nueve, Santa Rosa
2. Valle La EstrellaAlsacia, Armenia, Atalanta, Boca Río Estrella, Bocuare, Bonifacio, Buenavista, Burrico, Calveri, Casa Amarilla, Cerere, Colonia, Concepciòn, Cuen, Chirripó Abajo, Duruy, Fortuna, Guaria, Hueco, I Griega, Loras, Miramar, Nanabre, Nubes, Penshurt, Pleyades, Provenir, Progreso, Río Ley, Río Seco, San Andrés, San Carlos, San Clemente, San Rafael, Talía, Tobruk, Tuba Creek, Valle Las Rosas, Vesta 
3. Río BlancoLiverpoolBrisas, Búfalo, México, Milla 9, Miravalles, Río Blanco, Río Cedro, Río Madre, Río Quito, Sandoval, Santa Rita, Victoria
4. MatamaBombaAguas Zarcas, Asuncióm, Bananito Norte, Bananito Sur, Bearesem, Beverley, Calle Tranvía, Castillo Nuevo, Dondonia, Filadelfia Norte, Filadelfia Sur, Kent, Manú, María Luisa, Mountain Cow, Polonia, Quitaría, Tigre, Trébol, Wesfalia

Celebrations

Puerto Limón is famous in Costa Rica for its yearly fall festival called carnaval which occurs the week of 12 October, the date Columbus first anchored off Limón's coast in 1502, on his fourth voyage. The event was started by local community leader and activist, Alfred Josiah Henry Smith (known as "Mister King"), who helped organize the first carnaval in October 1949.[13] The event stretches about a week (across two weekends), and includes a parade, food, music, dancing, and, on the last night, a concert in the Parque Vargas headlined by a major Latino or Caribbean music act. Previous artists have included Eddy Herrera (2002), Damian Marley (2003), El Gran Combo de Puerto Rico (2005), and T.O.K. (2006).

Although the show goes on rain or shine, the event has recently suffered some setbacks. Organizers cancelled carnaval in 2007 due to a major dengue outbreak,[14] and again in 2008 due to major municipal trash-removal issues and related health worries.[10] While trash removal had long been an issue due to lack of trucks and a 62-mile (100 km) haul to the nearest landfill (in Pococí), the ordered closure of this and other landfills in 2007 meant Puerto Limón had to send trash 135 miles (217 km) to Alajuela and pay a higher disposal fee.[15][16][17] The situation led to a bottle-neck in trash removal, which, combined with the major dengue breakout, caused organizers to cancel 2008's carnaval as a precautionary measure.[10] Given the severity of the situation, the city bought land in nearby Santa Rosa and, in April 2009, opened its own landfill (called El Tomatal).[17] Given the improved situation, carnaval picked up in 2009 after its two-year hiatus.

Climate

Limón features a trade-wind tropical rainforest climate under Köppen's climate classification. Average temperatures are relatively consistent throughout the year averaging around 25 °C (77 °F). Common to all cities with this climate, Limón has no discernible dry season. Its driest month (September) averages roughly 160 mm (6.3 in) of precipitation while the wettest month (December) averages just above 400 mm (16 in) of rain. Limon averages nearly 3,400 mm (130 in) of precipitation annually.

Climate data for Limón International Airport, Costa Rica
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32.9
(91.2)		 33.4
(92.1)		 33.9
(93.0)		 34.5
(94.1)		 35.0
(95.0)		 35.0
(95.0)		 33.7
(92.7)		 34.3
(93.7)		 33.8
(92.8)		 34.4
(93.9)		 34.5
(94.1)		 33.0
(91.4)		 35.0
(95.0)
Average high °C (°F) 28.8
(83.8)		 29.1
(84.4)		 29.7
(85.5)		 30.1
(86.2)		 30.4
(86.7)		 30.3
(86.5)		 29.6
(85.3)		 30.1
(86.2)		 30.6
(87.1)		 30.4
(86.7)		 29.4
(84.9)		 28.9
(84.0)		 29.8
(85.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 24.8
(76.6)		 24.9
(76.8)		 25.5
(77.9)		 26.1
(79.0)		 26.6
(79.9)		 26.6
(79.9)		 26.1
(79.0)		 26.3
(79.3)		 26.6
(79.9)		 26.4
(79.5)		 25.7
(78.3)		 25.1
(77.2)		 25.9
(78.6)
Average low °C (°F) 20.7
(69.3)		 20.7
(69.3)		 21.2
(70.2)		 22.0
(71.6)		 22.8
(73.0)		 22.9
(73.2)		 22.6
(72.7)		 22.5
(72.5)		 22.5
(72.5)		 22.3
(72.1)		 21.9
(71.4)		 21.2
(70.2)		 21.9
(71.4)
Record low °C (°F) 12.9
(55.2)		 16.4
(61.5)		 15.2
(59.4)		 17.4
(63.3)		 17.8
(64.0)		 20.0
(68.0)		 16.6
(61.9)		 19.0
(66.2)		 18.9
(66.0)		 19.2
(66.6)		 15.8
(60.4)		 13.2
(55.8)		 12.9
(55.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 319.7
(12.59)		 237.3
(9.34)		 208.5
(8.21)		 263.0
(10.35)		 333.5
(13.13)		 289.0
(11.38)		 426.3
(16.78)		 303.2
(11.94)		 142.1
(5.59)		 207.1
(8.15)		 400.6
(15.77)		 445.0
(17.52)		 3,567.2
(140.44)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 17 14 14 14 16 16 20 16 11 13 17 18 186
Average relative humidity (%) 87 86 85 85 87 87 89 87 86 87 88 88 87
Mean monthly sunshine hours 155.0 152.6 179.8 171.0 164.3 135.0 117.8 145.7 159.0 164.3 135.0 142.6 1,822.1
Mean daily sunshine hours 5.0 5.4 5.8 5.7 5.3 4.5 3.8 4.7 5.3 5.3 4.5 4.6 5.0
Source 1: Instituto Meteorologico Nacional (precipitation 1941–2012, temperatures 1970–2012, sun 1969–2012, humidity 1970–2012)[18]
Source 2: Meteo Climat (extremes, 1941–present)[19]

Transport

Airport

Limón is served by the Pablo Zidar International Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto Internacional Pablo Zidar, Limón), IATA code LIO, an airstrip which is 1,800 m (5,900 ft) long by 30 m (98 ft) wide, 2 m (6.6 ft) above sea level, on the coast south of the city.[20] The Presidency Ministry announced in June 2011 that Sansa Airlines would begin regular scheduled flights four times a week to Limón Airport, beginning in July and costing ₡30,000–₡75,000 ($60–$150), to increase tourism to Limón Province.[21][22][23]

Sports

The city's football team is Limón F.C., after a local business man took over the franchise of Limonense. They play their home games at the Estadio Juan Gobán.

Notable people
Main article: List of people from Limón, Costa Rica

Sister city
2004 picture of the amphitheater at the Balvanero Vargas Park, a landmark of the city
A 2015 picture shows the evident abandonment suffered by the amphitheater
In October 2019, residents and local companies joined in order to restore it
  • View from the Balvanero Vargas Park
  • Inside the Balvanero Vargas Park
  • The Black Star Line building before its destruction by fire in 2016
  • The remains of the Black Star Line building
  • The Post Office building in October 2015
  • The pavilion at the Balvanero Vargas park
  • Municipal Palace
  • The cathedral. Its bell tower is the tallest building in the city
gollark: Opera's based on Chromium's rendering stuff and is closed source.
gollark: Why do you have that much? More than two Chrome tabs?
gollark: GPU and CPU, apparently.
gollark: Folding@Home's client isn't actually open source, and who knows if they're just executing arbitrary code from people through it?
gollark: Personally I would be more worried about the security of this distributed computing stuff.

References
  1. "World Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 17 February 2013.
  2. limón Span¡shD!ct. Retrieved: 11 June 2011.
  3. Censo Nacional de oblación. Características Sociales y Demográficas, 2002
  4. The History of Costa Rica
  5. What Happen: A Folk-History of Costa Rica's Talamanca Coast
  6. http://www.ticotimes.net/2016/09/01/costa-rica-cruise-ship-limon
  7. "Quienes Somos: Hospital Regional Dr. Tony Facio Castro" Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social. Retrieved: 2012-03-07. (in Spanish)
  8. Crónicas Coloniales Archived 22 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine Ricardo Fernández Guardia, 1921. portlimon.com.
  9. Encyclopedia Americana (1918–1920), Vol. XXVII, pp. 645–46 online version at Internet Archive (last viewed 24 May 2011)
  10. Crisis por basura obliga a suspender carnavales
  11. Marcus Garvey in Port Limon Archived 1 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine portlimon.com.
  12. Mr. Limón.com – Todo sobre Limón (in Spanish)
  13. Limón despidió a su Mister King con respeto y carnaval
  14. Dengue obliga a cancelar los carnavales de Limón
  15. Barrios de Limón siguen repletos de basura
  16. Inició recolección de 360 toneladas de basura en calles limonenses
  17. Nuevo relleno sanitario recibirá y tratará la basura del Caribe
  18. "Descripción del clima: Cantón de Limón" (in Spanish). Instituto Meteorologico Nacional. Archived from the original on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  19. "Station Puerto Limon" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
  20. Limón Airport at Great Circle Mapper
  21. New flights to Limón seek to drive up tourism Archived 19 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine The Tico Times, 14 June 2011.
  22. Turismo podrá volar a Limón a partir de julio Archived 31 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine La Nación, 15 June 2011.
  23. Airport photographs Archived 5 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.