Lightfastness

Lightfastness is a property of a colourant such as dye or pigment that describes how resistant to fading it is when exposed to light.[1][2][3] Dyes and pigments are used for example for dyeing of fabrics, plastics or other materials and manufacturing paints or printing inks.

Clay earth pigments such as burnt sienna often have a high lightfastness

The bleaching of the color is caused by the impact of ultraviolet radiation in the chemical structure of the molecules giving the color of the subject. The part of a molecule responsible for its color is called the chromophore.[4][5]

Light encountering a painted surface can either alter or break the chemical bonds of the pigment, causing the colors to bleach or change in a process known as photodegradation.[6] Materials that resist this effect are said to be lightfast. The electromagnetic spectrum of the sun contains wavelengths from gamma waves to radio waves. The high energy of ultraviolet radiation in particular accelerates the fading of the dye.[7]

The photon energy of UVA-radiation which is not absorbed by atmospheric ozone exceeds the dissociation energy of the carbon-carbon single bond, resulting in the cleavage of the bond and fading of the color.[7] Inorganic colourants are considered to be more lightfast than organic colourants.[8] Black colourants are usually considered the most lightfast.[9]

Lightfastness is measured by exposing a sample to a lightsource for a predefined period of time and then comparing it to an unexposed sample.[2][3][10]

Chemical processes

During the fading, colourant molecules undergo various chemical processes which result in fading.

When a UV-photon reacts with a molecule acting as colourant, the molecule is excited from the ground state to an excited state. The excited molecule is highly reactive and unstable. During the quenching of the molecule from excited state to ground state, atmospheric triplet oxygen reacts with the colourant molecule to form singlet oxygen and superoxide oxygen radical. The oxygen atom and the superoxide radical resulting from the reaction are both highly reactive and capable of destroying the colourants.[7]

Photolysis

Photolysis, i.e., photochemical decomposition is a chemical reaction where the compound is broken down by the photons. This decomposition occurs when a photon of sufficient energy encounters a colorant molecule bond with a suitable dissociation energy. The reaction causes homolytic cleavage in the chromophoric system resulting the fading of the colourant.[7]

Photo-oxidation

Photo-oxidation, i.e., photochemical oxidation. A colorant molecule, when excited by a photon of sufficient energy, undergoes an oxidation process. In the process the chromophoric system of the colorant molecule reacts with the atmospheric oxygen to form a non-chromophoric system, resulting in fading. Colorants which contain a carbonyl group as the chromophore are particularly vulnerable to oxidation.[7]

Photoreduction

Photo-reduction, i.e., photochemical reduction. A colorant molecule with an unsaturated double bond (typical to alkenes) or triple bond (typical to alkynes) acting as a chromophore undergoes reduction in the presence of hydrogen and photons of sufficient energy, forming a saturated chromophoric system. Saturation reduces the length of the chromophoric system, resulting in the fading of the colorant.[7]

Photosensitization

Photosensitization, i.e., photochemical sensitization. Exposing dyed cellulosic material, such as plant-based fibers, to sunlight allows dyes to remove hydrogen from the cellulose, resulting in photoreduction on the cellulosic substrate. Simultaneously, the colorant will undergo oxidation in the presence of the atmospheric oxygen, resulting in photo-oxidation of the colourant. These processes result in both fading of the colorant and strength loss of the substrate.[7]

Phototendering

Phototendering, i.e., photochemical tendering. As a result of UV light, the substrate material supplies hydrogen to the colourant molecules, reducing the colorant molecule. As the hydrogen is removed, the material undergoes oxidation.[7]

Standards and measure scales

Some organizations publish standards for rating the lightfastness of pigments and materials. Testing is typically done by controlled exposure to sunlight, or to artificial light generated by a xenon arc lamp.[11] Watercolors, inks, pastels, and colored pencils are particularly susceptible to fading over time, so choosing lightfast pigments is especially important in these media.[1]

The most well known scales measuring the lightfastness are the Blue Wool Scale, Grey scale and the scale defined by ASTM (American Standard Test Measure).[11][12][13][14] On the Blue Wool Scale the lightfastness is rated between 1–8. 1 being very poor and 8 being excellent lightfastness. In grey scale the lightfastness is rated between 1–5. 1 being very poor and 5 being excellent lightfastness.[1][2][10] On ASTM scale the lightfastness is rated between I-V. I is excellent lightfastness and it corresponds to ratings 7–8 on Blue Wool Scale. V is very poor lightfastness and it corresponds to Blue Wool scale rating 1.[10]

Side of a sign of the University of Applied Sciences oriented towards to southeast where direct sunlight impacting from dawn to afternoon has bleached the red and yellow colors from the logo of the institution.

Side of the sign oriented towards to northwest where the red and yellow colors can still be clearly recognized.

The actual lightfastness is dependent on the strength of the radiation of the sun, so lightfastness is relative to geographic location, season, and exposure direction. The following table is listing suggestive relations of the lightfastness ratings on different measure scales and the relation relative to time in direct sunlight and normal conditions of display: away from a window, under indirect sunlight and properly framed behind a UV protective glass.[10]

Description	Measure scales		Direct exposure		Normal conditions of display
	Blue Wool rating	ASTM rating	Summer	Winter
Very poor lightfastness	1	V			less than 2 years
Poor lightfastness	2	IV			2–15 years
	3		4–8 days	2–4 weeks
Fair lightfastness	4	III	2–3 weeks	2–3 months	15–50 years
	5		3–5 weeks	4–5 months
Very good lightfastness	6	II	6–8 weeks	5–6 months	50–100 years
Excellent lightfastness	7	I	3–4 months	7–9 months	over 100 years
	8		over 1.5 years

Test procedure

Relative amount of fading can be measured and studied by using standard test stripes. In the workflow of Blue Wool test one reference stripe set shall be stored protected from any exposure of light. Simultaneously with samples another equivalent test stripe set is exposed under the light source defined in the standard. For example, if the lightfastness of the colourant is indicated to be 5 on Blue Wool scale, it can be expected to fade similar amount as the strip number 5 in Blue Wool test strip set. The accomplishment of the test can be confirmed by comparing the test stripe set with the reference set stored protected from the light.[12][13]

In graphical industry

In printing inks mainly organic pigments are used, so shifting or bleaching of the color of a printing product due to presence of the UV light is usually just a matter of time. The usage of the organic pigments is justified especially by their inexpensive price comparing to inorganic pigments. The particle size of the inorganic pigments is often larger than on organic pigments thus all inorganic pigments are not suitable to be used in the offset printing.[15]

In the screen printing the particle size of the pigment is not limiting factor. Thus it is preferred printing method for printing print jobs requiring extreme lightfastness. Thickness of the ink layer effects to the lightfastness by the amount of pigment laid on the substrate. Ink layer printed by the screen printing is thicker than layer printed on offset printing. In other words, it contains more pigment per area. This leads to better lightfastness even though the used printing ink in both methods would be based on the same pigment.[7]

When mixing the printing inks the lightfastness of the ink being weaker by its lightfastness defines the lightfastness of the whole color. The fading of one of the pigments leads to tone shift towards to component with better lightfastness. If it is required that there will be something visible from the printing even though its dominant pigment would fade, small amount of pigment with excellent lightfastness can be mixed with it.

See also

• Blue Wool Scale – a measure of dye permanence
• Color fastness – resistance to fading of textile colors
• Fugitive pigment – pigments that are susceptible to fading or altering over time

References

1. Boddy-Evans, Marion. "Art Glossary: Lightfastness". About.com. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
2. Simmons, Rosemary (2002). Dictionary of Printmaking Terms. London: A & C Black (Publishers) Ltd. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-7136-5795-1.
3. "Lightfastness". Printwiki. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
4. "IUPAC Gold Book: Chromophore". IUPAC – International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
5. Mälkönen, Pentti (1979). Orgaaninen kemia (in Finnish). Otava. pp. 237–238. ISBN 978-951-1-05378-1.
6. "Why does ultraviolet light cause colors to fade?". Library of Congress. 23 August 2010. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
7. "Light Fastness of Textiles: Factors Affecting and Control Measures". Textile Learner. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
8. "Organic vs Inorganic Pigments". Kolorjet Chemicals Pvt Ltd. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
9. "Art Glossary: Carbon Black". Kolorjet Chemicals Pvt Ltd. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
10. "lightfastness tests". Bruce MacEvoy. 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
11. "ASTM D4303 – 10(2016), Standard Test Methods for Lightfastness of Colorants Used in Artists' Materials". American Standard Test Measure International. 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
12. "ISO 105-B01:2014 Textiles – Tests for colour fastness – Part B01: Colour fastness to light: Daylight". International Organization for Standardization. 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
13. "ISO 105-B02:2014, Textiles – Tests for colour fastness – Part B02: Colour fastness to artificial light: Xenon arc fading lamp test". International Organization for Standardization. 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
14. "ISO 12040:1997, Graphic technology – Prints and printing inks – Assessment of light fastness using filtered xenon arc light". International Organization for Standardization. 1997. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
15. "Pigments". BASF SE. 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2017.

External links

• Doing your own lightfastness tests
• Pupulandia: Onko taide ikuista – tai kuuluuko sen olla? (in Finnish)
• Giles, Charles H; McKay, Robert B (1963). "The Lightfastness of Dyes: A Review". Textile Research Journal. 33 (7): 528. doi:10.1177/004051756303300707.